Agent therapeutic

Theovent The 0x0 process Therapeutic agents Therapeutic enzymes Therapeutic lenses Therapeutic role Therbar Therm-8 Thermal analysis... 

Gelatin can be a source of essential amino acids when used as a diet supplement and therapeutic agent. As such, it has been widely used in muscular disorders, peptic ulcers, and infant feeding, and to spur nail growth. Gelatin is not a complete protein for mammalian nutrition, however, since it is lacking in the essential amino acid tryptophan [73-22-3] and is deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. 

Melatonin [73-31-4] C 2H N202 (31) has marked effects on circadian rhythm (11). Novel ligands for melatonin receptors such as (32) (12), C2yH2gN202, have affinities in the range of 10 Af, and have potential use as therapeutic agents in the treatment of the sleep disorders associated with jet lag. Such agents may also be usehil in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), the depression associated with the winter months. Histamine (see Histamine and histamine antagonists), adenosine (see Nucleic acids), and neuropeptides such as corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) have also been reported to have sedative—hypnotic activities (7). 

Three classes of oral therapeutic agent are available for treating patients with diabetes mellitiis (NIDDM) the arylsulfonylureas (known simply as sulfonylureas), biguanides, and a-glycosidase inhibitors. Since 1977, only the sulfonylureas have been approved for use in the United States, although the other classes are used elsewhere. 

Nickel carbonyl should be used in totally enclosed systems or under good local exhaust. Plants and laboratories where nickel carbonyl is used should make use of air-monitoring devices, alarms should be present in case of accidental leakage, and appropriate personal respiratory protective devices should be readily available for emergency uses. Monitoring of urinary nickel levels is useful to help determine the severity of exposure and identify appropriate treatment measures. Some large-scale users of nickel carbonyl maintain a supply of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, or Antabuse, a therapeutic agent, on hand for use in case of overexposure. 

An effective therapeutic agent must also have the abiUty to reach its target sequence m vivo. BioavailabiUty requires that the antisense oligonucleotide be able to pass through the cell membrane, and that it have a low affinity for nontarget cellular compartments and, in animal systems, nontarget organs. 

The natural prostanoids have myriad biological effects and held great promise as potential therapeutic agents in numerous diseases. The natural prostanoids, however, also have three notable drawbacks which medicinal chemists have tried to overcome by molecular modification in order to produce acceptable dmg candidates. These drawbacks are rapid metaboHsm which results in lack of activity if taken orally and a short duration of action, numerous side effects due to their multiplicity of biological activities, and poor chemical stabiUty, a characteristic especially pronounced in PGE, -D, and -I stmctures. 

Not only is TCDO a potent therapeutic agent in acute radiation syndrome, but treatment using TCDO from days 4—11 after TBI increases the survival rate in rats for up to one year, protects against the development of late GI ulcers, and also reduces the development of y-ray-induced leukemias and malignant epitheHal tumors, but not sarcomas (202). The anticarcinogenic effect of TCDO maybe related to the inhibition of PGs, which promote carcinogenesis, or to immunostimulation, which may result in a more effective elimination of malignant cells. 

USP XXII specifies that sodium iodide contains 99—101.5% Nal, calculated on an anhydrous basis (4). It is used iaterchangeably with potassium iodide as a therapeutic agent, except where sodium ion is contraindicated (see Potassium compounds). Intravenous sodium iodide formulations have been used for a variety of diseases, from thyroid deficiency to neuralgia (see Thyroid and antithyroid preparations). However, these solutions are no longer listed ia the XFXUII (4), iadicatiag that their therapeutic value has not been satisfactorily demonstrated. 

Cephalosporins first entered the marketplace in 1964, when cephalothin (27) and cephaloridine (51), which are both injectable, were launched. By the late 1970s, the injectable cephalosporins had become important therapeutic agents in the hospitals. Also in 1964 the first oral cephalosporin, cephaloglycin [3577-01 -3] C gH N OgS, was launched only to be displaced by the end of the year by cephalexin (12). For years cephalexin was the leading oral cephalosporin on the market. It has since been displaced by cefaclor (13). With the advent of the more -lactamase stable cephalosporins such as cefoxitin (23) and cefuroxime (35), and the more potent agents such as cefotaxime (36) and other third-generation compounds, cephalosporins now dominate the antibiotic market worldwide. 

Compounds of antimony have been used as therapeutic agents for thousands of years (200). There is evidence that the ancient Egyptians used a... 

A combination of amphotericin B, miconazole (16), and rifampin (17) was used to successfully cure one patient. In addition, tetracycline (7) and minocycline (18) have been recommended although their clinical efficacy have not been estabUshed. No proven therapeutic agents exist for treating A.catbamoeba infections, however, the phenothiazines, trifluoperazine [117-89-5] and chlorpromazine [50-53-3], show promise in vitro. 

There are no hiUy effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of thederiasis. Chlorotetracycline (20) and oxytetracycline (3) have therapeutic activity duting the iacubation period. Pamaquiae (68) was reported to have a specific effect on the erythrocyctic forms. Other dmgs with limited efficacy are imidocarb (19) on T annulata halofugiaone (45) on both T annulata and T parva and the naphthoquiaones menoctone (76), parvaquone (88), and buparvaquone (89) on T parva. Methotrexate (90) has been found to be active in vitro (Table 9). 

Treatment for chronic benzene poisoning is supportive and symptomatic, with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants as therapeutic agents for leukemia and aplastic anemia (127). 

Activated Proteia C (C ) [42617-41 -4] (19—21) is a aaturaHy occurring serine protease that, ia combination with free Proteia S, degrades and iaactivates Factors V, Va, VIII, and Villa. By degradation of these factors the blood becomes anticoagulated and thus may be a useful therapeutic agent. 

Potential Uses of SH. Although not commercial as yet, an interesting potential use of borane compounds as therapeutic agents for... 

The fact that ceU culture-derived products are often injected into humans as therapeutic agents makes it imperative that there be no component in the final product that can pose a potential health risk to the patient. Health risks can be introduced into a product from many sources including the ceUs themselves raw materials, such as semm, media components, etc materials used in purification, eg, antibodies and external contamination. Eor a therapeutic product such risk factors are identified at the outset and ways of reducing them to acceptable levels are designed into the process. Before a product is released by the EDA the manufacturer has to demonstrate this risk reduction by rigorous validation of the process. 

As a therapeutic agent, ch oline is adininistered orally in the form of symps or elixers containing the chloride, citrates or bitartrate, or in the form of compressed tablets or capsules of the dihydrogen citrate. Choline is also given in small doses as a nutritional supplement in combination with a variety of other materials. In dry pharmaceutical-dosage forms, the dihydrogen citrate is usually preferred because of its lower tendency to absorb atmospheric moisture. Both salts have been used parenteraHy. 

ControUed release pharmaceuticals provide local or systemic treatment and differ in design depending on thek use and route of administration. The potential sites for controUed dehvery of therapeutic agents and some of the systems designed for those sites merit discussion. 

Stoma.ch, Sma.IIIntestine, and Colon. These organs provide accessible portals for local dehvery of therapeutic agents, including laxatives. 

No ocular products for systemic therapy are commercially available, but research is under way on ocular systems for the systemic deUvery of therapeutic agents such as insulin (53). 

Electrotransport technology offers a number of benefits for therapeutic appHcations, including systemic or local adininistration of a wide variety of therapeutic agents with the potential adininistration of peptides and proteins long-term noninvasive administration, improving convenience and compliance controlled release, providing a desired deflvery profile over an extended period with rapid onset of efficacious plasma dmg levels and in some cases reduced side effects and a transport rate relatively independent of skin type or site. Additional benefits include easy inception and discontinuation of treatment, patterned and feedback-controlled deflvery, and avoidance of first-pass hepatic metaboHsm. 

---