Cellular proliferation

Estrogens stimulate cellular proliferation, induce RNA and protein synthesis of uterine endometrium and the fibrous connective tissue framework for ovaries, and increase the size of the cells. This effect leads to the growth and regeneration of the endometrial layer and spinal arterioles, and increase in the number and size of endometrial glands. Under the influence of estrogen, vaginal mucosa becomes thicker, as cervical mucus becomes thinner (85,86). 

If enzymes responsible for DNA repair are unable to remove the DNA adduct, or if an error takes place in the repair, then the error in the genetic code remains when the cell divides. Thus, cellular proliferation is also required, in addition to a mutation, for there to be a permanent effect of a chemical compound. Accumulation of genetic errors, i.e., mutations, has been suspected to be an important factor in chemical carcinogenesis. ... 

An antioncogene is a gene that suppresses cellular proliferation. 

The CaR regulates numerous biological processes, including the expression of various genes (e.g., PTH) the secretion of hormones (PTH and calcitonin), cytokines (MCP-1), and calcium (e.g., into breast milk) the activities of channels (potassium channels) and transporters (aquaporin-2) cellular shape, motility (of macrophages), and migration cellular adhesion (of hematopoietic stem cells) and cellular proliferation (of colonocytes), differentiation (of keratinocytes), and apoptosis (of H-500 ley dig cancer cells) [3]. 

Kijima T, Maulik G, Ma PC, et al. Regulation of cellular proliferation, cytoskeletal function and signal transduction through CXCR4 and c-kit in small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2002 62 6304-6311. 

Yang SH et al (2008) Three-dimensional culture of human nucleus pulposus cells in fibrin clot comparisons on cellular proliferation and matrix synthesis with cells in alginate. Artif Organs 32(l) 70-73... 

S. Grinstein, D. Rotin, and M.J. Mason, Na+/H+ exchange and growth factor-induced cytosolic pH changes. Role in cellular proliferation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 988, 73-97 (1989). 

As mentioned above, activation of TrkA by NGF may result in cellular proliferation, differentiation or survival. Exactly how different TrkA-induced signal transduction mechanisms are translated into each one of these functions is incompletely understood. It has been suggested that proliferation and differentiation are mediated by activation of the MAPK cascade while survival is mediated by activation of PI-3-K. The competing actions of neurotrophins on... 

Growth factors have been defined as proteins that stimulate cellular proliferation and promote cellular survival 471... 

Endocytosis / Phagocytosis Active Transport Cellular Proliferation Intracellular Cytokine Production Intracellular Signal Transduction Intracellular Free Ions (e.g., Na, K, Ca)... 

The effect of MAPK activation on cellular processes that affect cell function and the resulting pharmacology has been delineated using modem techniques such as knock-out cells and animals [1,3,6]. Activation of MAPK in inflammatory cells such as T-cells, B-cells, macrophages and eosinophils leads to expression and/or activation of pro-inflammatory genes and mediators such as interleukin-1(3 (IL-1(3), TNFa, IL-6, chemokines [e.g., IL-8, macrophage inflammatory factor-1 a, (3 (MIP-la,[3)J, MMPs and toxic molecules such as free radicals and nitric oxide [1,3]. These pro-inflammatory mediators induce cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis and tissue degradation/destruction and help induce chronic inflammation. Inhibition of any one or more of the MAPK family... 

We conducted inhibition rate analysis for each compound using human breast carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7) and a human prostate carcinoma cell line (PC-3). Cells were treated with various concentrations of compound for 48 hr and cellular proliferation was measured by FACs analysis. 

Coroneos, E., Martinez, M., McKenna, S. and Kester, M., 1995, Differential regulation of sphingomyelinase and ceramidase activities by growth factors and cytokines. Implications for cellular proliferation and differentiation./.B/oZ.Clrem. 270 23305-23309. 

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