Cervical vertebra

Kessel, M., Balling, R., and Grass, P. (1990). Variations of cervical vertebrae after expression of Hox-1.1 in transgenic mice. Cell 61 301-308. 

The viral protease is inhibited by several drugs, including indinavir. Surprisingly, such protease inhibitors not only affect the virus but they also affect fat metabolism. They cause loss of adipose tissue in the hmbs and face, which is balanced by its accumulation in other areas, intraabdominal, breasts and over the cervical vertebrae, the last giving rise to the term buffalo hump , a change which is especially distressing for the patient. The cause of this effect is not known. 

Fig. 5. Examination of the cervical vertebrae (SD rat fetuses on day 20 of gestation). Examination of the dorsal view of the left forepaw (SD rat fetuses on day 20 of gestation).

After multiday exposures, there was an increased frequency of malformations of the axial skeleton involving the head, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. About 90% of the fetuses exposed on gestation day 9 had only 6 cervical vertebrae 60% of the fetuses exposed on gestation day 10 had reduced survival and a reduction in the number of thoracic and lumbar... 

Other evidence which has been adduced to support the significance of neurogenic factors in renal hypertension is the observation that the arterial pressures of normal and renal hypertensive dogs and rabbits were reduced to essentially the same level after complete destruction of the central nervous system (18,19). However, interpretation of the results obtained with this drastic procedure is difficult. Other workers have observed a sharp fall in pressure when the spinal cord was destroyed below C5 (the level of the fifth cervical vertebra) in renal hypertensive dogs, but the pressures returned to hypertensive levels as the acute effects of the operation wore off (32). Other experiments involving elimination of the central connections of the sympathetics by cervical cord section in the region of C7... 

The carotid bifurcation can be seen in 80% of the adult population at the level of cervical vertebrae 3-5. Distal to the physiologic dilatation of the carotid bulb the internal carotid artery (ICA) proceeds dor-sally to the external carotid artery (ECA) into the petrous bone. Entering the bony carotid canal, it describes a sharp bend and thus causes turbulent flow patterns with somewhat typically symmetrical signal loss on TOF-MRA, which should not be misinterpreted as real stenoses (Fig. 5.2). 

A hunting knife also tied in with the kilter s obvious woodcraft, though I didn t say that Id taken photographs and measurements of both shoulder blades before turning to the third cervical vertebra. This was the section of bone that had sustained most dama, caused when Sa% Palmer s throat had been cut. It was a different sort of wound, almost triangular in shape. Stab, not slash The killer had plunged the knife into her throat point-first, then drawn it across her trachea and carotid artery. 

But that was for someone else to wony about. My own contribution was almost finished. I took final casts of the cervical vertebrae that had been cut by the knife, more certain than ever that the two women had been killed by the same weapon Afier that there was nothing more to do but clean ip. Marina asked if I wanted to have lunch to mark the occasion, but I declined. I still hadn t had a chance to talk to Jent, and all at once I couldn t wait. 

The effect of hemodilution with colloids on somatosen-sory-evoked potentials in non-premedicated volunteers has been reported (9). In seven subjects, blood (20 ml/kg within 30 minutes) was removed and simultaneously replaced by gelatine 3% or etherified starches 6%. After 30 minutes, blood was retransfused. Median and posterior tibial nerve somatosensory-evoked potentials were recorded from the cortex, second cervical vertebra, Erb s point, and first lumbar vertebra. Hemodilution with gelatine or etherified starches or retransfusion did not affect somatosensory-evoked potentials, provided normovolemic conditions were maintained. 

In rats thaUdomide produced abnormaUties of the ossification centers of the sternum and cervical vertebrae (182). These changes in ossification centers were more easily found after small doses than with large doses, since in the latter many of the young do not survive until birth. 

Figure 1 Anterior view of an anencephalic human fetus. Notice the low-set ears, elevated nose and maxilla, the short neck (due to anomalies of the cervical vertebrae), and the prominent, protruding rudimentary brain. (Reproduced from Marin-Padilla M (1991) Cephalic axial skeletal-neural dysraphic disorders Embryology and pathology. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 8 153-169, with permission.)...

Although the face can be treated separately, the neck should always be treated at the same time - to at least the seventh cervical vertebra - to ensure a better tightening effect . Ideally, all visible areas should be treated face, neck, d colletage, forearms and hands. 

Involvement of the spine usually occurs in the cervical vertebrae lumbar vertebral involvement is rare. Involvement of the first and second cervical vertebrae can lead to instability of this joint. Patients with this problem are at a greater risk for spinal cord compression, although this complication is rare. 

Although somites are indistinguishable, most vertebrae exhibit unique morphological characteristics. The anterior-most somites gives rise to the occipital bones, while more posterior somites gives rise to the vertebral column. In the mouse, the vertebral column is normally composed of 7 cervical (C1-C7), 13 thoracic (T1-T13), 6 lumbar (L1-L6), 3 or 4 sacral (S1-S4), and 31 caudal vertebrae. The first cervical vertebra (Cl, or atlas) has thick neural arches, lacks a vertebral body, and exhibits a ventrally located tubercle, the anterior arch of the atlas (AAA). The neural arches of C2, although not as broad as those of Cl, are thicker than the more posterior cervical vertebrae. C2 also possesses two vertebral bodies, the second of which... 

Condie, B.G., Capecchi, M.R. 1993. Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Hoxd-3 (Hox-4.1) exhibit anterior transformations of the first and second cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis. Development 119, 579-595. 

The most common type of injury due to combined tension and extension of the cervical spine is the whiplash syndrome. However, a large majority of such injuries involve the soft tissues of the neck, and the pain is believed to reside in the joint capsules of the articular facets of the cervical vertebrae [Wallis et al., 1997]. In severe cases, teardrop fractures of the anterosuperior aspect of the vertebral body can occur. Alternately, separation of the anterior aspect of the disk from the vertebral endplate is known to occur. More severe injuries occur when the chin impacts the instrument panel or when the forehead impacts the windshield. In both cases, the head rotates rearward and applies a tensile and bending load on the neck. In the case of windshield impact by the forehead, hangman s fracture of C2 can occur. Garfin and Rothman [1983] suggested that it is caused by spinal extension combined with compression on the lamina of C2, causing the pars to fracture. 

When a force is applied to the posterosuperior quadrant of the head or when a crown impact is administered while the head is in flexion, the neck is subjected to a combined load of axial compression and forward bending. Anterior wedge frartures of vertebral bodies are commonly seen, but with increased load, burst fractures and fracture-dislocations of the facets can result. The latter two conditions are unstable and tend to disrupt or injure the spinal cord, and the extent of the injury depends on the penetration of the vertebral body or its fragments into the spinal canal. Recent experiments by Pin tar et al. [1989, 1990] indicate that burst fractures of lower cervical vertebrae can be reproduced in cadaveric specimens by a crown impact to a flexed cervical spine. A study by Nightingale et al. [1993] showed that fracture-dislocations of the cervical spine occur very early in the impact event (within the first 10 ms) and that the subsequent motion of the head or bending of the cervical spine cannot be used as a reliable indicator of the mechanism of injury. 

The most common neck injury is caused by rearward flexion and forward extension ( whiplash ), which may result in dislocation or fracture of the cervical vertebrae, and compression of the spinal... 

Ogden JA (1984) Radiology ofpostnatal skeletal development. Xll. 2nd cervical vertebra. Skeletal Radiol 12 169-177... 

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