Cervical endometriosis

The most significant mechanism for primary dysmenorrhea is the release of prostaglandins in the menstrual fluid and possibly vasopressin-mediated vasoconstriction.5,17 Causes of secondary dysmenorrhea may include cervical stenosis, endometriosis, pelvic infections, pelvic congestion syndrome, uterine or cervical polyps, and uterine fibroids.20... 

The major uses of progestogens are for hormone replacement therapy and for hormonal contraception where they suppress ovulation and make the cervical mucus impenetrable to spermatozoa. Other indications include secondary amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, infertility and habitual abortion and endometrium suppression in endometriosis. Progestogens are also used for palliation in metastasized endometrial and breast carcinoma. Medrogestone has been used in the treatment of fibroid uterine tumors. 

Q4 Excessive bleeding during the menstrual period is called menorrhagia. The blood loss reduces levels of iron in the body and may result in iron-deficiency anaemia. The causes of excessive bleeding could be inflammation, fibroids, endometriosis, cervical polyps, adenomyosis, ovarian tumours, intrauterine devices (IUDs), inherited clotting disorders, endocrine dysfunction, such as thyroid dysfunction, or mental stress. In terms of drug therapy, oral ferrous... 

The initial evaluation of female infertility should include a detailed history and physical examination, including a Papanicolaou cervical and vaginal smear with appropriate cervical and endocervical cultures, a search for tubal patency and endometriosis or adhesions, and assessment of ovulation and adequate luteal function.After obvious treatable abnormalities have been excluded, a menstrual history indicates further endocrine evaluation and a postcoital test helps to determine coital snfticiency (Figure 53-16 see also earlier section on irregular menses). 

Cameron RI, Maxwell P, Jenkins D, et al. Immunohistochemical staining with MIBl, bcl2 and pl6 assists in the distinction of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia from tubo-endome-trial metaplasia, endometriosis and microglandular hyperplasia. Histopathology. 2002 41 313-321. 

The presence of benign ectopic epithelial structures in lymph nodes and soft tissue parts can be an error source while screening of lymph nodes and surgical margins for micrometastases. These epithelial structures can be of different origin such as Mullerian epithelial inclusions and endometriosis in pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes or heterotopic ducts and glands in abdominal, thoracic and cervical lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of H E tissue sections prior to molecular examination can be helpful to exclude the presence of such epithelial structures. 

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