Cervical cancer humans

Cervical cancer, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and, 22 Channel catfish virus, 381 CHEF sheet, 128... 

Human papilloma virus (HPV) Cervical cancer, oral cancer E6, E7 Inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation... 

There appears to be an increased risk for the development of cervical cancer among long-term users of oral contraceptives.1 Whether or not this increase in risk can be attributed directly to the use of oral contraceptives is uncertain, however. Data suggest that oral contraceptive users, on average, tend to have more sexual partners and use condoms less frequently, and as a result, this may increase their susceptibility to becoming infected with human papilloma virus (HPV), a known risk factor for cervical cancer. 

DNA viruses, such as adenoviruses and papovaviruses (e.g. polyoma and SV40), induce cellular transformation in rodents. Other viruses have been implicated in human cancers. Epstein-Barr virus, for example, has been implicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, (3-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin s lymphoma. Human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancers. 

Camacho-Arroyo, I., Duenas-Gonzalez, A., Perez-Cardenas, E., Pardo, L.A., Morales, A., Taja-Chayeb, L., Escamilla, J., Sanchez-Pena, C. and Camacho, J. (2004) Ether a go-go potassium channels as human cervical cancer markers. Cancer Research, 64, 6996—7001. 

The presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with female genital tract diseases such as condyloma, Bowenoid papulosis, and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. A general concern is the association of HPV with cervical cancer (Gl). The HPV consists of an icosahedral viral particle (virion) containing 8000 base pairs, a circular, double-stranded piece of DNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Viral replication takes place within the nuclei of infected squamous epithelial cells (H5). Following infection of epithelial cells, the viral DNA penetrates throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, but intact viruses are found only in the upper layers of tissue. 

Cervical Cancer. In female AIDS patients, cancer of the cervix is observed with high frequency. Cervical cancer is a fairly common cancer in women, although it typically affects women of middle age or older. Infection with certain strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) that cause warts in the genital tract is an underlying cause of cervical cancer. 

A new subunit recombinant vaccine is Gardasil it is a tetravalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) implicated in cervical cancer. See Exhibit 4.5 for details. 

Gardasil is a noninfectious recombinant vaccine consisting of capsid proteins from four different human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of types 6,11, 16, and 18. HPV causes squamous cell cervical cancer and cervical adenocarcinoma, as well as 35-50% of vulvar and vaginal cancers. 

Grinstein E, Wernet P, Snijders PJ, Rosl F, Weinert I, Jia W, Kraft R, Schewe C, Schwabe M, Hauptmann S, Dietel M, Meijer CJ, Royer HD (2002) Nucleolin as activator of human papillomavirus type 18 oncogene transcription in cervical cancer. J Exp Med 196 1067-1078 Grisendi S, Bernard R, Rossi M, Cheng K, Khandker L, Manova K, Pandolfi PP (2005) Role of nucleophosmin in embryonic development and tumorigenesis. Nature 437 147-153 Hanakahi LA, Bu Z, Maizels N (2000) The C-terminal domain of nucleolin accelerates nucleic acid annealing. Biochemistry 39 15493-15499... 

High levels of oestrogen, such as in the non-pregnant state, increase breast cancer risk in nulliparous women, whereas exposure to the human papilloma virus (during sexual intercourse with multiple partners) increases the risk of cervical cancer. Physical activity (especially in... 

Gardasil is a quadrivalent vaccine of the human papilloma virus (type 6, 11, 16, 18). It is used for the prevention of cervical cancer and other pre-cancerous lesions. It should be given early in a female s sexual life and it is licensed for use in females between 9 and 26 years of age. Administration is by intramuscular injection and three doses are required. Because the vaccine does not protect against all the strains of the virus, cervical screening is still required. Duration of protection after a complete course is... 

As in cancer predisposing syndromes, these genetic alterations are sometimes carried in the germline. Among human tumours, heritable mutations are an exception. Most alterations are acquired in somatic life in the form of chromosomal translocations, deletions, inversions, amplifications or point mutations. Certain oncogenic viruses play important roles in a few human tumours. Examples are human papilloma-virus in cervical cancer and skin tumours, Ep-stein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt s lymphoma, and human T-cell leukaemia viruses (e.g. HTLV-I, HTLV-II) in T-cell leukaemia. 

Gallo D, Ferlini C, Distefano M, et al. Anti-tumour activity of a panel of taxanes toward a cellular model of human cervical cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000 45(2) 127-132. 

Gardasil was approved by the FDA in 2006. It is a quadrivalent recombinant vaccine against the human papilloma vims (HPV), more specifically against types 6, 11, 16 and 18. It is able to reduce pre-cancerous cervical, vaginal and vulvar lesions, associated with HPV types 16 and 18, as well as condylomas associated with HPV types 6 and 11. With the approval of the first HPV vaccine, cervical cancer now has a primary prevention tool. 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer. A recently approved HPV vaccine, Gardasil, that blocks initial infection with several of the most common sexually transmitted HPV types may lead to significant decreases in the incidence of HPV-induced cancer (see Lowy et ah, 2006). 

FIGURE 8.8 A section of a single HeLa (human cervical cancer) cell stained with Phalloidin 350 (actin filaments) and MitoTracker488 (mitochondria) acquired using selective two-photon excitation, without fluorescence color filters. The image size is about 25 (xm. (From Dantus, M., Lozovoy, V. V., and Pastirk, I. Laser Focus World, 43(5) 101-104. 2007. Used with permission.)... 

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of virtually all cases of cervical cancer and one of the most common of the sexually transmitted diseases. Cervical cancer remains a main cause of cancer-related death in many developing countries. Current vaccines are too expensive... 

The activity of the enzyme in cancer tissue has been measured,11 and changes in its activity in vaginal fluid have been examined as a possible diagnostic aid in cervical cancer.29 Low levels in human tissues have been associated with a storage disorder resembling Hurler s syndrome.18,183... 

The occurrence of malignant tumors in patients taking oral contraceptives has been studied extensively. It is now clear that these compounds reduce the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. The lifetime risk of breast cancer in the population as a whole does not seem to be affected by oral contraceptive use. Some studies have shown an increased risk in younger women, and it is possible that tumors that develop in younger women become clinically apparent sooner. The relation of risk of cervical cancer to oral contraceptive use is still controversial. It should be noted that a number of recent studies associate the use of oral contraceptives by women who are infected with human papillomavirus with an increased risk of cervical cancer. 

The in vitro antitumor activity of curcumin in HPV-associated cells has been established [Roy et al., 2002]. Curcumin modulates the in vitro expression and function of Pgp in multidrug-resistant human KB-V1 cells [Anand et al., 2008 Chearwae et al., 2004] and sensitizes cisplatin-resistant SiHa cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis [Venkatraman et al., 2005], indicating its ability to reverse MDR in cervical cancer cells. The effect of curcumin in HPV-associated cells was found to involve the down-regulation of viral oncogenes, NF-kB and AP-1 [Anand et al., 2008 Divya and Pillai, 2006],... 

Shim, C., Zhang, W., Ree, C. H., and Lee, J.-H. 1998. Profiling of differentially expressed genes in human primary cervical cancer by complementary DNA expression array. Clin. Cancer Res. 4 3045-3050. 

Savino, J. A., 3rd, Evans, J. F., Rabinowitz, D., Auborn, K. J. and Carter, T. H., 2006, Multiple, disparate roles for calcium signaling in apoptosis of human prostate and cervical cancer cells exposed to diindolylmethane. Mol Cancer Ther 5, 556-63. 

Shen, M. R., Droogmans, G., Eggermont, J., Voets, T., Ellory, J. C. and Nilius, B., 2000, Differential expression of volume-regulated anion channels during cell cycle progression of human cervical cancer cells. J Physiol 529 Pt 2, 385-94. 

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