Cervical carcinomas

IL-6 induces terminal maturation of B cells, promotes the growth of hy-bridoma/myeloma cells and T cells, and acts upon haematopoietic progenitors in synergy with IL-1 and IL-3. It also induces the production of acute-phase proteins by liver cells. In addition to its production by neutrophils, IL-6 is also synthesised by monocytes, T and B cells, fibroblasts, cardiac myxoma cells, some bladder carcinomas, cervical cancer cells and glioblastomas. Stimulated neutrophils generate about ten times less IL-6 (on a per-cell basis) than do monocytes. 

In women with lower-genital-tract carcinomas—cervical, vaginal, and vulvar carcinomas—hematogenous metastases are rarely present at diagnosis, and thus disease can frequently be controlled with local treatment. Small tumors can usually be treated with surgery alone, but cancers that penetrate deeply, particularly those that involve adjacent... 

Human papillomavirus Warts Epidermoid carcinoma Cervical carcinoma Human... 

Anthracyclines - Two reports of Phase II clinical trials with 4 -epido-xorubicin (4 -ED) in a variety of malignancies have appeared. The response rate in previously untreated breast cancer patients was 54%. Responses were also seen in endometrial carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, melanoma, and skin cancer.Only a single partial responder was seen in 34 evaluable cases of non-small cell lung... 

Several infeetions play a role in the pathogenesis of eaneer. Apart from Helicobacter pylori infection, which is a major environmental factor in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma, hepatitis B infeetion is reported to be assoeiated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cervical squamous cell eaneer is associated with human papilloma vims. ... 

Herpes Simplex. There are two types of herpes simplex vims (HSV) that infect humans. Type I causes orofacial lesions and 30% of the U.S. population suffers from recurrent episodes. Type II is responsible for genital disease and anywhere from 3 x 3 x 10 cases per year (including recurrent infections) occur. The primary source of neonatal herpes infections, which are severe and often fatal, is the mother infected with type II. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that cervical carcinoma may be associated with HSV-II infection (78—80). 

The human HS cycle can be considered broadly as a period which leads to the dramatic shift in activities of the transcriptional and translational machinery followed by eventual recovery and resumption of original activities preceding stress. Figure 1 depicts many of the key events in the HS cycle for a typical human cell line such as cervical carcinoma-derived HeLa cells. Most cells respond in an identical fashion, but some cell types that have distinctive HS responses. These differences are manifested by shifts in the relative concentrations of accumulated HS proteins and possibly in the pattern of posttranslational modifications. In all cases, however, the cellular stress response is heralded by induction of a specific transcription factor whose DNA binding activity facilitates increased expression of one or more of the stress-inducible genes. 

Gey, G.O., Coffman, W.D., Kubiek, M.T. (1952). Tissue culnire studies of the proliferative capacity of cervical carcinoma and normal epithelium. Cancer Res. 12.264-265. 

Papovavi ruses Papilloma virus Naked icosahedra 50nm in diameter Multiply only in epithelial cells of skin and mucous membranes causing warts. There is evidence that some types are associated with cervical carcinoma... 

There are now available a number of lines of cells, mainly originating from malignant tissue, which can be serially subcultured apparently indefinitely. These established cell lines are particularly convenient as they eliminate the requirement for fresh animal tissue for such sets or series of cultures. An example of these continuous cell lines are the famous HeLa cells, which were originally isolated from a cervical carcinoma of a woman called Henrietta Lacks, long since dead but whose cells have been used in laboratories all over the world to grow viruses. 

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

Coelho A, Matos A, Catarino R, et al. Protective role of the polymorphism CCR2-641 in the progression from squamous intraepithelial lesions to invasive cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2005 96 760-764. 

DNA viruses, such as adenoviruses and papovaviruses (e.g. polyoma and SV40), induce cellular transformation in rodents. Other viruses have been implicated in human cancers. Epstein-Barr virus, for example, has been implicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, (3-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin s lymphoma. Human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancers. 

The presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with female genital tract diseases such as condyloma, Bowenoid papulosis, and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. A general concern is the association of HPV with cervical cancer (Gl). The HPV consists of an icosahedral viral particle (virion) containing 8000 base pairs, a circular, double-stranded piece of DNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Viral replication takes place within the nuclei of infected squamous epithelial cells (H5). Following infection of epithelial cells, the viral DNA penetrates throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, but intact viruses are found only in the upper layers of tissue. 

Preliminary evidence suggest that c-erbB-2 may also be a prognostic marker for other cancers such as gastric (Y2), ovarian (S7), cervical (K5), and nonsmall cell carcinoma of the lung (K3). Thus, c-erbB-2 has the potential to be a prognostic marker for many different types of adenocarcinomas. 

Hietanen, S., et al., Activation of p53 in cervical carcinoma cells by small molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000, 97(15), 8501-6. 

As in cancer predisposing syndromes, these genetic alterations are sometimes carried in the germline. Among human tumours, heritable mutations are an exception. Most alterations are acquired in somatic life in the form of chromosomal translocations, deletions, inversions, amplifications or point mutations. Certain oncogenic viruses play important roles in a few human tumours. Examples are human papilloma-virus in cervical cancer and skin tumours, Ep-stein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt s lymphoma, and human T-cell leukaemia viruses (e.g. HTLV-I, HTLV-II) in T-cell leukaemia. 

Brizel DM, Rosner GL, Prosnitz LR, et al. Patterns and variability of tumor oxygenation in human soft tissue sarcomas, cervical carcinomas, and lymph node metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995 Jul 15 32(4) 1121—1125. 

Keys HM, Bundy BN, Stehman FB, et al. Cisplatin, radiation, and adjuvant hysterectomy compared with radiation and adjuvant hysterectomy for bulky stage IB cervical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999 340(15) 1154—1161. 

Runowicz CD, Wadler S, Rodriguez-Roddriguez L, et al. Concomitant cisplatin and radiotherapy in locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 1989 34 395-401. 

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