Transparencies

Transparency is expressed quantitatively as the transparency number. This is defined as the reciprocal of the increase in color difference AE, = 1 on a black substrate obtained on increasing the film thickness h of the pigmented medium. The transparency number has the unit mm (= L m ). It indicates the number of liters of pigmented medium needed to coat 1 m of a black substrate in order to obtain a color difference of AE ah = 1 relative to this substrate. In a simplified method the transparency number can be determined by evaluating one or two points on the straight part of the AE ah (h) curve. A computer method is more exact furthermore, calculations can be made using the spectral principle of spectral evaluation. For standards, see Table 1.1 ( Transparency ). 

The list of system-dependent parameters includes the transparency of a pigmented layer. It is usually determined by applying the pigmented system to a black back- 

The optical properties of a material are defined in terms of refractive index, clarity or transparency, haze and gloss. The refractive index of PP is 1.49. The remaining catalyst residue in the resin may affect the opacity of the PP resin and produce yellowness. Different catalyst systems may have different effects on the transparency and yellowness of the resin. Hence, the optical properties of equivalent grades of PP may be different. 

Transparency is improved by contact with liquids to the point where the liquid level inside a container can be seen from outside (contact transparency). 

The control of the size of the particles in glass-ceramics is fundamental as it plays a key role in the transparency of the glass-ceramics. Indeed, according to Rayleigh s theory, the intensity of light scattered by a particle follows the relation  

the difference between the refractive index of the particles and the one of the glass should be weak. 

In general, the diameter of the particles must be smaller than a tenth of the wavelength 1, i.e. 2r 40nm, if the refractive index difference between both media (glass and 

As the particle size is of great importance, it needs to be carefully monitored during the devitrification process, using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) for instance. 

The optical properties of interest are refractive index and molecular refraction, polarisation, double refraction (birefringence) of isotropic and oriented PE, clarity, transparency, haze, and gloss (see Tables 3.1 and 3.9). PE granules are white and translucent, but the final appearance varies from hard, rigid, brightly coloured, glossy, flexible or transparent film to high-tenacity fibre. In the melt state the refractive index is 1.4297 and 1.4432 and the molar refractivity is 0.3297 and 0.32986 for HDPE and LDPE, respectively. 

There are many applications of perovskites where single crystals are used. However, polycrystalline ceramic materials are often preferable if they can be fabricated in a suitable form, especially in a transparent state. The problem of 

The loss due to reflection from both surfaces is then, approximately 0.37. 

A nonphotochromic chiral compound, chiral (Fig. 10.7), which was derived with (1 s, 2R, 5S)-( + )-menthol, was found to give a right-handed helix by addition in E44. Contrary to chiral, m-azo-8 gave a left-handed helical helix within E44. Therefore, when both chiral compounds are added in E44, the opposite helical senses of chiral and m-azo-8 each compensate the other s EITP, leading to a compensated nematic phase. 

When light is incident perpendicularly on an optically homogeneous sample, since the angles a = Oand/S = 0, the Fresnel equation (14-4) reduces to 

The refractive index is about 1.5 for most polymers. Consequently, the transparency can be a maximum of 96%, with at least 4% of the light being reflected at the polymer-air interface. 

There is an industrial distinction between transparent and translucent materials. Transparent bodies transmit up to more than 90% they are still mostly clear even for large thicknesses. Translucent bodies have light trans-mittances of less than 90% and are only clear for small thicknesses. They are also called contact clear, since the material is indeed turbid but appears clear as a packaging material when in contact with the contents. 

The hiding power of a paint can, to a first approximation, also be estimated with the Fresnel equation. In this case, the refractive indices, n, for the pigment, and m, for the polymer of pigmented paints, are to be considered  

The following is a list of some of the major types of safety data which may now be freely available. 

The ordering of the hst is chronological in the sense that 50 years ago only information published in the scientific literature was available and that the others have been introduced at various time points since then. The last three are products of the last decade or so and far from universal even now. There is plenty of scope for further development - e.g. risk management plans have so far rarely been made public - and, in Europe at least, regulatory discussions are stiU held entirely behind closed doors, things which may change in the not too distant future. 

Besides the information on which judgements and decisions are based, there is a need for transparency of process. In this respect the public need to know  

The realisation that we all have conflicts of interest and attempts to deal with them is a surprisingly recent phenomenon. It was only after the turn of the millennium that one of the major journals in the field introduced a clear policy in relation to the need for declaration of such conflicts. Drug safety is now a very sensitive area 

There is general agreement that financial conflicts of interest must be disclosed and that persons with important conflicts should not influence relevant decisions. A useful categorisation of financial conflicts developed by regulators is to consider whether they are  

Hiding power is not only influenced by the reflection it is also influenced by light scattering. Light incident on a particle will be scattered 

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This mineral, which in its transparent varieties is a most beautiful and costly gem, has been known from early times. 

Castile soap is manufactured from olive oil, transparent soap from decolorized fats and liquid green soap from KOH and vegetable oils. Soaps are sometimes superfatted in that they contain some free fatty acid. 

The specific nature of UV absorption for certain structures when combined with the high sensitivity of the method enables trace quantities (— 1 ppm) of molecules in a matrix transparent to UV beams to be analyzed. Benzene in cyclohexane is an example. 

Correlations on paper panels are made easier if a type log has been creafed of a fypical and complete sequence of the area. If this log is available as a transparency, it can be easily compared against the underlying paper copy. Type logs are also handy if the reservoir development has to be documented in reports or presentations. 

Whatever form of incremental development is considered, the benefits to the host facility should not be gained at the expense of reduced returns for the new project. Incremental and satellite projects can in many situations help to extend the production life of an old field or facilities, but care must be taken to ensure that the economics are transparent. 

Imaging plates are exposed similar to radiographic films. They are read out by a LASER-scanner to a digital image without any developing process. After optical erasing of the virtual picture the same IP can be used cyclic up to more than 1000 times. The life time is limited by the mechanical stability of the IP s. An IP consists of a flexible polymer carrier which is coated with the sensitive layer. This layer is covered with a thin transparent protective foil. 

D-CTViewer allows to create up to three different Isosurfaces inside the data volume with each having different color and transparency value. The number of polygons inside the Isosurface hull can be decimated using a special polygon reduction tool (Fig. 5). 

The image printer or recorder which prints the processed image on a photographic film or a transparent foil ... 

Therefore, we only use this technique to align the systern In this way we put the rotation axis in the mean plane of the rough transparency (Figure la). 

On the other hand, the NDT service business has evolved towards a more open market, in which the prime contractor requires a transparent access to the data provided by the supplier, in order to ensure the comparison of data obtained from different sources and at different periods of time. Existing fomiats are most of the time proprietary formats released by instrument manufacturers, generally dealing with a unique NDT method and not including complementary information on the acquisition consequently, they fail to meet these requirements. 

Most important is the following Fig. 7c shows that the segregation can be detected also from that side where it does not extent to the surface. This confirms that the material is transparent for this kind of susceptibility measurements. That means, that also segregations can be detected, which are in the volume and do not extent to the surface. 

Perhaps the best discussions of the experimental aspects of the capillary rise method are still those given by Richards and Carver [20] and Harkins and Brown [21]. For the most accurate work, it is necessary that the liquid wet the wall of the capillary so that there be no uncertainty as to the contact angle. Because of its transparency and because it is wet by most liquids, a glass capillary is most commonly used. The glass must be very clean, and even so it is wise to use a receding meniscus. The capillary must be accurately vertical, of accurately known and uniform radius, and should not deviate from circularity in cross section by more than a few percent. 

Capillary pressure gradients and Marongoni flow induce flow in porous media comprising glass beads or sand particles [40-42], Wetting and spreading processes are an important consideration in the development of inkjet inks and paper or transparency media [43] see the article by Marmur [44] for analysis of capillary penetration in this context. 

A beautiful and elegant example of the intricacies of surface science is the formation of transparent, thermodynamically stable microemulsions. Discovered about 50 years ago by Winsor [76] and characterized by Schulman [77, 78], microemulsions display a variety of useful and interesting properties that have generated much interest in the past decade. Early formulations, still under study today, involve the use of a long-chain alcohol as a cosurfactant to stabilize oil droplets 10-50 nm in diameter. Although transparent to the naked eye, microemulsions are readily characterized by a variety of scattering, microscopic, and spectroscopic techniques, described below. 

There are complicating issues in defmmg pseudopotentials, e.g. the pseudopotential in equation Al.3.78 is state dependent, orbitally dependent and the energy and spatial separations between valence and core electrons are sometimes not transparent. These are not insunnoimtable issues. The state dependence is usually weak and can be ignored. The orbital dependence requires different potentials for different angular momentum components. This can be incorporated via non-local operators. The distinction between valence and core states can be addressed by incorporating the core level in question as part of the valence shell. For... 

Using this, one can rewrite the expression for AU in physically transparent fonn ... 

A direct and transparent derivation of the second virial coefficient follows from the canonical ensemble. To make the notation and argument simpler, we first assume pairwise additivity of the total potential with no angular contribution. The extension to angularly-mdependent non-pairwise additive potentials is straightforward. The total potential... 

The relationship between tlie lattice gas and the Ising model is also transparent in the alternative fomuilation of the problem, in temis of the number of down spins [i] and pairs of nearest-neighbour down spins [ii]. For a given degree of site occupation [i]. 

In this fonnalism, which is already far from transparent, the internal energy is given by IJ -... 

One of the well known advantages of resonance Raman spectroscopy is that samples dissolved in water can be studied since water is transparent in the visible region. Furthennore, many molecules of biophysical interest assume their native state in water. For this reason, resonance Raman spectroscopy has been particularly strongly embraced in the biophysical connnunity. 

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