Transparent covering

The behavior of the flow pattern in a parallel micro-channel is different from that in a single micro-channel. It was shown by Hetsroni et al. (2003b) that at the same value of heat flux, different flow regimes may be observed in different micro-channels, depending on the time interval. Moreover, at the same time interval different flow regimes may exist in each of the component micro-channels. In Fig. 2.33 two-phase steam-water flow in the central part of such a parallel system db = 100 pm is shown as the top view observed through a transparent cover. The... 

In the study by Hetsroni et al. (2006b) the test module was made from a squareshaped silicon substrate 15 x 15 mm, 530 pm thick, and utilized a Pyrex cover, 500 pm thick, which served as both an insulator and a transparent cover through which flow in the micro-channels could be observed. The Pyrex cover was anod-ically bonded to the silicon chip, in order to seal the channels. In the silicon substrate parallel micro-channels were etched, the cross-section of each channel was an isosceles triangle. The main parameters that affect the explosive boiling oscillations (EBO) in an individual channel of the heat sink such as hydraulic diameter, mass flux, and heat flux were studied. During EBO the pressure drop oscillations were always accompanied by wall temperature oscillations. The period of these oscillations was very short and the oscillation amplitude increased with an increase in heat input. This type of oscillation was found to occur at low vapor quality. 

The sampling device in use is a 50 litre cylindrical container with a transparent cover. 

An empty 30 litre sample bag with a stainless steel pipe will be put into the container. The pipe is pushed through the cover. A PTFE tube will be fixed to the pipe to collect samples from different points. On the transparent cover a batteiy operated vacuum cleaner and a battery are mounted. Only by pressing a push button the sample is filled in about 10 seconds. By using this sampling device sampling doesn t make any problems. 

Outer covers of printers, calculators, instruments, transparent covers for PCs and copiers, business machine equipment... 

Introduce 100ml of ether under test into a Nessler tube, passing the sample thru a filter if it has any visible turbidity. Cap tbe tube with a transparent cover and place it in the "comparator", while side-by-side with it is placed one of the standards. Report as the color the number of the standard that most nearly matches the sample. In the event that the color lies midway between two standards, report tbe darker of the two. If, owing to differences In hue berw the sample and the standards, a definite match cannot be obtd, report the range ovet which an apparent match is ohtd, making a note that it is "off-hue ... 

The heat balance on the transparent cover per unit area may be represented by the equation ... 

This relation neglects the very small absorption of solar energy in the transparent cover, and the small temperature drop through the cover. 

Five modules of the Telkes tilted single-effect still, totaling 500 sq. feet, will be constructed by the Curtiss-Wright Corp. and shipped, unassembled, to the Florida station. The tilted single-effect still is essentially a black absorbent fabric supported at an angle by an impermeable sheet of plastic or metal and surrounded by a transparent cover above and an opaque cover below. 

In order to study cathode flooding in small fuel cells for portable applications operated at ambient conditions, Tuber et al.81 designed a transparent cell that was only operated at low current densities and at room temperature. The experimental data was then used to confirm a mathematical model of a similar cell. Fig. 4 describes the schematic top and side view of this transparent fuel cell. The setup was placed between a base and a transparent cover plate. While the anodic base plate was fabricated of stainless steel, the cover plate was made up of plexiglass. A rib of stainless steel was inserted into a slot in the cover plate to obtain the necessary electrical connection. It was observed that clogging of flow channels by liquid water was a major cause for low cell performance. When the fuel cell operated at room temperature during startup and outdoor operation, a hydrophilic carbon paper turned out to be more effective compared with a hydrophobic one.81... 

The module can be attached to south oriented wall of a building. Additional transparent cover is installed parallel to the facade of the building and used for protection of mirror from the inclement weather conditions. 

Microfabrication is effected by etching a wafer from both sides which contains through-holes for the fluid connectors [42], Two transparent cover plates close the open structures and also have through-holes. A glass capillary was attached to the three-plate chip. The holes in the cover plate were made by sandblasting. 

The necessary start and stop buttons, timers, and gauges are mounted on a control panel, where often there is also a mimic system showing the current stage in the cycle. It is normal for the information on the control panel to be visible but it is common practice also—and highly desirable—to have a lockable transparent cover for it, with immediate access only to the main control button this ensures that the parameters of the cycle, once set, are not changed in any way without authority. 

A circular cavity, 5 cm in diameter and 1.4 cm deep, is formed in a material with an emissivity of 0.8. The cavity is maintained at 200°C, and the opening is covered with a transparent material having t = 0.7, e = 0.3, p = 0. The outside surface of the transparent material experiences a convection heat-transfer coefficient of 17 W/m2 - °C. The surrounding air and room are at 20°C. Calculate the net heat lost by the cavity and the temperature of the transparent covering. 

Cornea. The transparent covering over the iris and lens of the eyeball. 

The containers used to hold the sample should be specified in terms of their transmittance characteristics. A glass dish protected with a transparent cover (e.g., window glass or plastic wrap cover) is convenient for most purposes. For hygroscopic substances, low-melting or highly toxic compounds, specially designed containers might be necessary. 

The 1% UV absorber containing films showed a low residual transmission of less than 4% in the wavelength region 300 - 375 nm. For the highly photolabile prednisolone infusion, total photostabilization could be achieved using this transparent cover (Fig. 13). Similar results were obtained for cefodizim infusion. 

Figure 13 Influence of UV absorber type, concentration, and film thickness on the photo-stabilizing effect of transparent covers on prednisolone phosphate infusions (Suntest CPS-i-, 415 N/nf, window glass filter). 45pm film thickness ( ) without cover, (A) 0,5% UV B absorber, ( A) 0,5% UV A absorber, ( ) 0,5% mixture (1 1) 100pm film thickness ( O) 0,25% UV B absorber, ( ) 1,0% UV B absorber, ( r>) 1,0% UV A absorber, ( ) 1,0% mixture (1 1). Source From Ref. 32.

As a direct challenge for samples of solid drug substances, an appropriate amount of sample should be taken and placed in a suitable glass or plastic dish and protected with a suitable transparent cover if considered necessary. Solid drug substances should be spread across the container to give a thickness of typically not more than 3 mL. Drug substances that are liquids should be exposed in chemically inert and transparent containers. 

Ideally, the surface of the transparent cover should have a gradient of the index of refraction ranging from 1.0 for air to the index of refraction of the cover material. For the required very small indices of refraction no materials exist in nature. Such small indices of refraction can only be made by effective media in which the cover material is mixed with air on a subwavelength scale as described in Sect. 1. Subwavelength surface-relief structures with a continuous profile as shown in Fig. 2 form an effective refractive index gradient and are therefore well suited for broadband AR surfaces. This type of AR surface-relief grating is called a moth-eye structure according to the example found in nature on the cornea of... 

On top of the image sensor, there is a scratch-resistant transparent covering and protective materials, often in the form of dielectric layers such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. In the bulk of the semiconductor there is first a space-charge region. Below this, the field-free bulk of the semiconductor follows, which can be as thin as a few pm or as thick as many 100 pm [7]. 

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