Transparent rules

All stages of prediction process are associated with transparent rules that are objective, automatic and easily inspected. 

The low-pass filter needs to be as simple as it can be. And it needs to have transparent rules for data acquisition that do not require an advanced degree in... 

The ir spectra acquired in this way are extremely sensitive to the orientation of the surface molecules. Molecules must have a significant component of a molecular vibration perpendicular to the surface to be sensed by coupling with the highly directional electric field. Molecules whose dipole moments are perfectly parallel to the surface caimot couple to the existing electric fields, and therefore, are ir transparent by this method. This selectivity of the approach for molecule dipole moments perpendicular as opposed to parallel to the surface is known as the surface selection rule of irras. 

Microemulsions or solubilized or transparent systems are very important ia the marketing of cosmetic products to enhance consumer appeal (32,41). As a rule, large quantities of hydrophilic surfactants are required to effect solubilization. Alternatively, a combination of a solvent and a surfactant can provide a practical solution. In modem clear mouthwash preparations, for example, the flavoring oils are solubilized in part by the solvent (alcohol) and in part by the surfactants. The nature of solubilized systems is not clear. Under normal circumstances, microemulsions are stable and form spontaneously. Formation of a microemulsion requires Httle or no agitation. Microemulsions may become cloudy on beating or cooling, but clarity at intermediate temperatures is restored automatically. 

The development vehicle used to create and test the rule base must be as flexible as possible, allowing easy alterations and expansion of the rule base with whatever displays can convey the most information. The delivery vehicle, however, should be virtually transparent to the user, conveying only as much information as needed to solve the problem at hand. Self-tuning controllers can perform their task without explicitlv informing users, but their output and status is available on demanci, and their operation may be easily limited or interrupted. 

The discussion so far has dealt with one-dimensional models which as a rule do not directly apply to real chemical systems for the reasons discussed in the introduction. In this section we discuss how the above methods can be extended to many dimensions. In order not to encumber the text and in order to make physics more transparent, we conflne ourselves to two dimensions, although the generalization to more dimensions is straightforward. 

Suppose we wanted to model an Ising model in the most straightforward possible manner using a CA approach. For argument s sake, let s consider modeling a basic Ising model without any external fields. Using binary site variables <7 = (1 — 5) to make any possible connection to conventional CA transparent, our task is to come up with a CA rule ,... 

There have been a number of attempts to meet the "Lowdin challenge," as it has been called. Allen and Knight published an explanation in the International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, which has turned out to be rather problematic as I have recently argued [25-27], In addition, Ostrovsky has published an account in which he claims to explain the n + ( rule, but this account is far from transparent, or convincing, at least to this author [28],... 

As a rule, the mathematical tools used in electrochemistry are simple. However, in books on electrochemistry, one often finds equations and relations that are qnite unwieldy and not transparent enough. The author s prime aim is that of elucidating the physical ideas behind the laws and relations and of presenting aU equations in the simplest possible, though still rigorous and general, form. 

Diffraction grating The most common gratings are made of reflecting or transparent sheets marked with fine parallel and equally spaced grooves or rulings. The grating separates polychromatic electromagnetic waves into their components. Similar results can be produced with a prism, but the mechanism is quite different. Fraunhofer used very fine parallel wires in his experiments. 

Such a distinction in composition inhomogeneity of the copolymers may have caused the variation in transparency which was observed experimentally by Sloco-mbe [36]. He examined forty-four three-component systems and established several empirical rules enabling the interpretation of experimental data on the transparency of high-conversion terpolymers. These empirical rules were explained later [37] in terms of the theory of dynamic systems whose methods have been successfully employed for qualitative analysis of the solutions of the set of dynamic... 

Detailed acquisition of data before the actual model is created leads to increased transparency of the procedures and thus usually has its own intrinsic value. However, the effort to collect and prepare data for a simulation study should not be underestimated. As a rule of thumb, the data collection sums up to one third of a simulation project s time budget. In supply chain studies, where data of several production sites may be needed, the expenses for data collection may even be higher. 

The zone of recombination can be very small as was shown by Aminaka et al. [225] by doping only a thin layer (5 nm) in the device by a red emission material. By observing the ratio of host and dopant emission, the authors were able to show that the recombination zone of the device was as thin as 10 nm. The emitted light is usually coupled out at the substrate side through the transparent anode. As a rule, the electroluminescence spectrum does not differ much from the photoluminescence spectrum. 

Estimates of oCbiend using a rule-of-mixtures relationship are 3.0 X 102 and 7.2 X 103 cm lor 0.2 and 5.0% polyimide, respectively. This dependence of the optimum absorption coefficient (in terms of ablation rate), OVx on fluence is consistent with the observations of Chuang et al.6% for ablation of several UV-transparent (at 308 nm) polymers sensitized with low-molecular-weight dopants, e.g., PMMA doped with pyrene. For the pyrene-PMMA system, Chuang et al.6S reported maximum etch rates for 1.2 J/cm2 at a = 7 X 102 cm 1. It should not be expected that different dopant-matrix systems would yield the same optimum absorption coefficient for a given fluence level since the thermal properties for different polymers may vary significantly. 

The logical deduction portion of the program is based on IF-THEN rules. FACTS, acquired both as the result of logical deductions and by querying the user, are stored in similar data structures. Because the branch points in the problem are also logical deductions, they are stored in a data structure similar to the FACTS. The branch points contain additional flow of control information that relates to the hierarchy of the problem. The difference between FACTS and branch points is transparent to the logical deduction portion of the program. 

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