Quality and transparency

It has not yet been convincingly demonstrated that QALYs as currently measured Yc validity in mental health contexts (Chisholm et al, 1997), nor that the EQ-5D or similar should replace disorder-specific quality of life measures. However, the methodological rigour and transparency of the approach is impressive, and it is certainly true that few clinical effectiveness scales currently used in... 

The coloristic qualities of a pigment have to do, broadly, with the description of its color-imparting action, that is, the characterization of the color nuance produced through its use, as well as its effectiveness, covering power, and transparency. Obviously these are fundamental properties that govern the industrial use of a pigment and its economic value. 

A higher quality a-modification with enhanced tinctorial strength and transparency is prepared from the leuco form of bromoisoviolanthrone. This intermediate in turn is manufactured by vatting crude bromoisoviolanthrone with sodium dithionite/aqueous sodium hydroxide. The product is separated and oxidized in an aqueous alkaline medium in the presence of surfactants. Application of shearing forces, preferably by means of a sand or pearl mill, and maintaining a temperature of 50°C produces improved pigment quality [26]. 

The most common applications of DSC are to the melting process which, in principle, contains information on both the quality (temperature) and the quantity (peak area) of crystallinity in a polymer [3]. The property changes at Tm are often far more dramatic than those at Tg, particularly if the polymer is highly crystalline. These changes are characteristic of a thermodynamic first-order transition and include a heat of fusion and discontinuous changes in heat capacity, volume or density, refractive index, birefringence, and transparency [3,8], All of these may be used to determine Tm [8],... 

Given the data challenges discussed previously and the increasing use of streamlined methods, it is necessary to continuously improve the consistency and transparency of the information and the assumptions used in such tools to ensure the quality and the validity of the decisions made with the aid of LGA metrics. The inclusion of quality indicators (such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis) will continue to be an important step to estimate the uncertainties involved in the inventory and impact models. Finally, there is a need to continuously perform peer review assessments by LGA experts, as the current LGA expertise in pharmaceuticals is very limited. When these requirements are fulfilled, LGA metrics are powerful tools to aid the decision making leading to more sustainable pharmaceutical processes. For further examples of FLASG scores and other LGA analyzes being applied, see Section 10.4.1. 

The quantity of wine for chemical analysis should be at least four bottles of about a litre each. Transparent bottles should be used and they should be rinsed first with water and then with the wine so that no trace of any substance previously present can remain. The bottles should be filled, carefully stoppered with new corks of good quality and provided with sealing-wax seals and with a label giving all the particulars necessary for the identification of the sample. Further, on a special sheet are given the name and address of the holder of the wine, the capacity of the casks or other vessels from which the sample is drawn and the extent to which they are filled, any production of scum (so-called " fleurs de vin ) being noted and, if possible, the type, place of origin and year of production of the wine itself. 

Starting with nitrides of the alkaline and alkaline earth group elements no elemental boron is formed and the c-BN produced is yellow and transparent. Both the quality and the yield of c-BN are increased. 

An acrylic chip was fabricated by stereolithography without an assembly process such as bonding. This fabrication method is a 3D method by solidifying a photopolymerizable resin layer-by-layer via the scanning of a UV laser beam. A special double-controlled surface method was adopted in order to produce a smooth and transparent surface for high-quality optical detection [240]. 

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), carrying trade names such as Perspex and Plexiglass, is an amorphous, relatively hard and transparent polymer. Its stiffness is retained until near its softening temperature (110 °C). Most applications are based on its superior optical qualities safety glass, decoration material, traffic signs, etc. 

Four basic hallmarks of data quality—appropriateness, accuracy, integrity and transparency—are introduced in this document. These hallmarks of data quality represent basic principles that are applicable in many analytical endeavours but are tailored here to the needs of exposure assessment. Through the introduction of these hallmarks, this document provides a common vocabulary and set of qualitative criteria for use in the design, evaluation and use of exposure assessments to support decisions. This general guidance is intended for... 

The remainder of the document is organized as follows. The next two sections lay the foundations for the terminology used in the document section 2 defines data in the context of exposure assessments and section 3 introduces a broader concept of data quality characterized by the four hallmarks or measures of quality mentioned above— appropriateness, accuracy, integrity and transparency. Section 4 discusses how these hallmarks might be applied to the design or evaluation of an exposure assessment to ensure its quality. The final section concludes with a broader perspective on the role of data quality in exposure assessment and its importance to risk assessment and risk management decisions. 

Data that successfully meet the challenges posed in these questions can be said to exhibit certain distinctive characteristics—hallmarks, as we have called them in this document—that are indicative of data quality appropriateness, accuracy, integrity and transparency. Table 1 provides a brief overview of the hallmarks, their definitions and some general examples. As the summary table indicates, these four hallmarks of data quality are closely related and may in some cases overlap. In particular, the need for transparency in documentation and communication cuts across each of the other hallmarks. In the paragraphs that follow, we define each hallmark in greater detail and illustrate how implementation of the principles they embody can improve the quality of exposure assessments and the decisions that follow from them. 

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