Three Transparency view

In chemistry, we are often interested in the bulk of the material, and for this purpose we must view the structures with a probe that penetrates through the object. Transmission electron microscopy is ideal for this. The 3D structure of a transparent object is much more complex than the surface, which can be considered as a 2D object, although it often is not at all flat. In the case of a crystal, the object may be hundreds of atoms thick, resulting in a massive overlap of atoms in any direction we chose to look at the crystal from. It is easily realized that even three orthogonal views are not sufficient for resolving all overlapping reflections, unless the structure is very simple. The larger the unit cell is, the more projections are needed in order to obtain a structure with all atoms resolved. 

Three-way viewing through transparent safety panels Force transducer... 

Another way of making domains visible is to analyze the transmitted light, since the plane of polarization is rotated differently in oppositely directed domains. Faraday rotation provides a three-dimensional view of domains in the bulk but can only be used for transparent magnetic materials. 

In the fifth step of an X-ray structure determination the electron density map is calculated using the intensities and phase information. This map can be thought of as a true three-dimensional image of the molecule revealed by the X-ray microscope. It is usually displayed as a stereoscopic view on a computer graphics system (Fig. 3-22). It is also often prepared in the form of a series of transparencies mounted on plastic sheets. Each sheet represents a layer, perhaps 0.1 ran thick, with contour lines representing different levels of electron density. 

Figure 1 Top view photograph of three view plates. The well-to-well pitch is 9 mm in the 96-well plate, 4.5 mm in the 384-well plate, and 2.25 mm in the 1536-well plate. The view plates are fabricated by injection molding and interfacial bonding of the transparent well bottom...

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