Pigments in paint

Titanium Tetrachloride. The major use for titanium tetrachloride [7550 5-0] is in titanium dioxide production, and titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] is enjoying strong growth for use as a filler in pulp and paper manufacture and as a pigment in paint and plastic manufacture. Annual growth for this product is forecasted at between 2.5 and 3.0% through 1992. 

Antimony trioxide and sodium antimonate are added to specialty glasses as decolorizing and fining agents, and are used as opacifiers in porcelain enamels. Antimony oxides are used as white pigments in paints, whereas antimony trisulfide and pentasulfide yield black, vermilHon, yeUow, and orange... 

BaS is used in the manufacture of bthophone [8006-32-4] useful as a white pigment in paints, according to... 

Cobalt as a Colorant in Ceramics, Glasses, and Paints. Cobalt(II) ion displays a variety of colors in soHd form or solution ranging from pinks and reds to blues or greens. It has been used for hundreds of years to impart color to glasses and ceramics (qv) or as a pigment in paints and inks (see CoLORANTS FOR CERAMICS). The pink or red colors are generally associated with cobalt(II) ion in an octahedral environment and the chromophore is typically Co—O. The tetrahedral cobalt ion, Co—chromophore, is sometimes green, but usually blue in color. 

Red mud Production of alumina Minor utilization, rest in lagoons Pigment in paints and plastics... 

Freshly precipitated ZnS dissolves readily in mineral acids with evolution of H2S, but roasting renders it far less reactive and it is then an acceptable pigment in paints for children s toys since it is harmless if ingested. ZnS also has... 

The most common oxidation state of titanium is +4, in which the atom has lost both its 4s-electrons and its two 3d-electrons. Its most important compound is tita-nium(IV) oxide, Ti02, which is almost universally known as titanium dioxide. This oxide is a brilliantly white (when finely powdered), nontoxic, stable solid used as the white pigment in paints and paper. It acts as a semiconductor in the presence of light, and so it is used to convert solar radiation into electrical energy in solar cells. 

Titanium dioxide is brilliant white, highly opaque, chemically inert, and nontoxic. Consequently, it finds wide uses as a pigment in paints and other coatings, in paper, sunscreens, cosmetics, and toothpaste. Almost all white-colored commercial products contain Ti02. ... 

Zinc oxide is the most important zinc compound. The principal industrial use of zinc oxide is as a catalyst to shorten the time of vulcanization in the production of mbber. The compound also is used as a white pigment in paints, cosmetics, and photocopy paper, hi everyday life, ZnO is also a common sunscreen. 

For general aspects on sonochemistry the reader is referred to references [174,180], and for cavitation to references [175,186]. Cordemans [187] has briefly reviewed the use of (ultra)sound in the chemical industry. Typical applications include thermally induced polymer cross-linking, dispersion of Ti02 pigments in paints, and stabilisation of emulsions. High power ultrasonic waves allow rapid in situ copolymerisation and compatibilisation of immiscible polymer melt blends. Roberts [170] has reviewed high-intensity ultrasonics, cavitation and relevant parameters (frequency, intensity,... 

R. Van Ham, L. Van Vaeck, F. Adams and A. Adriaens, Feasibility of analyzing molecular pigments in paint layers using TOF S SIMS, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 383,991 997 (2005). 

Initially, these lakes were precipitated onto inorganic carrier materials. It is interesting to note that this group of colorants was originally used for pigments in paints. Application in the textiles market followed later. Today, it is mainly the calcium and barium salts, but also manganese and, less frequently, strontium salts that have the largest sales volume. 

Uses. Pigment in paint, varnishes filler for paper, rubber, soap lubricating molds and machinery heat insulator... 

Antimony trioxide occurs in nature as minerals, valentinite [1317-98-2] and senarmontinite [12412-52-1]. It is used as a flame retardant in fabrics as an opacifier in ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels as a catalyst as a white pigment in paints as a mortar in the manufacture of tartar emetic and in the production of metallic antimony. 

Antimony trisulfide occurs in nature primarily as the mineral, stibnite, which consists of two parallel Sb4Se chains hnked together. It is used in fireworks in certain types of safety matches as a pigment in paints and in the manufacture of ruby glass. 

Barium chromate is used as a pigment in paints, ceramics, coloring glasses, fuses, and porcelains as a corrosion inhibitor to prevent elecrochemical corrosion at the joints of dissimilar metals in safety matches in metal primers in ignition control devices in pyrotechnic compositions and as an initiator for explosives. 

Basic copper carbonate is used as a pigment in paint and varnish as a fungicide for seed treatment as an insecticide in pyrotechnics and in the manufacture of other copper salts. The compound is also added in small quantities to animal and poultry feed to supply nutritional copper requirements. 

Molybdenum orange is a solid solution of lead molybdate, lead chromate and often lead sulfate. It is used as a pigment in paints, plastics and printing inks. The pigment is used for red hues in automobile and appliance paints. 

Van den Weeerd J, van Veen MK, Heeren RMA, Boon JJ (2003) Identification of pigments in paint cross sections by reflection visible light imaging microspectroscopy. Anal Chem 75 716-722. 

In passing, we note that reaction 17.39 is also used in the conversion of natural rutile ore, which is usually red-brown because of its iron(III) content, to pure Ti02, which is used as a filler for paper, as a white pigment in paints, and as a photocatalyst (Sections 10.4 and 14.4.2). The high optical refractive index gives Ti02 the best available covering power in... 

The iodine which Is thus produced is very pure, and no loss either of it or tho reagent is experienced for the chromate, which is a residuary product of the distillation, is a valuable salt, and applicable for many purposes whilst the green sesquioxide left after washing away the former, may bo employed os a pigment in painting upon porcelain, et cetera Or by fusing it with an alkaline nitrate and carbonate, it may be reconverted into a bichromate of the alkali, which may be employed to decompose a fresh portion of Iodide. 

The precise characterization of iron oxide pigments in paintings which, of course, includes ochres, siennas, and umbers, is difficult by ordinary means. This is primarily because of the difficulty of resolving the fine crystals with a light microscope. Characterizing variations within a broad general classification or distinguishing mixtures is virtually impossible. MES, however, offers a wealth of information of this type. 

Figure 3. Spectral reflectance curves of some inorganic pigments in paints...

If it is to be used as a pigment in paints and lacquers, chromium oxide green can be subjected to jet milling (micronization) to obtain the required properties (e.g., gloss). 

This chapter deals with the protection of metal surfaces against corrosion by means of coatings that contain anticorrosive pigments. The degree of corrosion protection depends not only on the pigment, but also on the binder, and these must complement each other chemically. The uses of anticorrosive pigments in paint binders are summarized in Table 39. For standards, see Table 1 ( Corrosion testing )-... 

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