Materials packaging

The importance of packaging in the soft drinks and fruit juices market - be it to preserve, protect or promote the product - cannot be over estimated. Every product will need to be packaged in some form throughout the supply chain. 

Many in marketing will consider packaging to be the silent salesman . Research has shown that the decision to purchase or not is made in a fraction of a second, during which time the package has to shout for attention, look and feel appealing and be right for the moment. 

In the marketplace, competition is very strong and brand equity is used to establish the position of a product. The type and size of a drinks container, its shape and pack graphics are all used to help differentiate one product from another. Those involved in the development of drinks products need to be aware of the marketing requirements and commercial opportunities to ensure that their development efforts align with the brand strategy, costs and lead times. 

Natural biopol5mers provide biodegradable, sustainable solutions for the manufacture of short-life, single use disposable packaging, consumer goods, and marine plastics. Starch, an anhydroglucose 

Packaging material and disposable beakers, cups, and cutlery are used widely and allow food material to be sold or consumed imder hygienic conditions. Such disposable materials and objects are highly esteemed by the consumers and the retailers, since they may be simply disposed after use and do not have to be washed and cleaned like conventional dishes, glasses, or cutlery. 

the widespread and even growing use of such materials result in an increasing amount of litter produced each day. Currently, the plastic waste is either provided to garbage incinerators or accumulates in refuse dumps, with both of the above-mentioned solutions for waste disposal being associated with problems for the environment (4). 

Re-usable containers, such as bottles for carbonated soft drinks, made of PEN have high-temperature tolerance for cleaning and sterilizing [79], The inherent UV resistance of PEN creates opportunities for colorless electronic and pharmaceutical packaging, as well as vacuum-metallized products for aerospace, industry and military applications [80, 81]. 

A biaxially oriented polyester film made of a copolymer consisting of 80 % ethylene 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate has excellent adhesion, surface hardness and wear resistance, while also providing significant transparency and antireflection properties. This material, when laminated to glass, is excellent for the prevention of shattering [82], 

PLA containers being used in retail markets for fresh fruit and vegetables. 

Commercially available PLA films and packages provide better mechanical properties than polystyrene (PS) and have properties comparable to those of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The new commercially available PLA polymers have reduced the cost and the use of PLA is encouraged. In the next ten years, PLA production and consumption are expected to increase substantially. 

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These properties concern paraffins that are part of food packaging materials. Their potential toxicity could be attributable to aromatic residues. The latter are thereby characterized directly or indirectly by ... 

Polypropylene fibers for use in car pets and automobile tires consum er Items (luggage appliances etc) packaging material... 

Sorted plastic packaging materials are shipped, usually in bales, to processing plants to be converted to polymer resins. The bales are broken and the bottles sorted to ensure that only one type of polymer is further processed. Processing consists of chopping and grinding the bottles into flakes. These flakes are washed. Processing steps such as flotation are used to remove polymeric contaminants from the flakes (15,16). The flakes are melted and converted into pellets. 

Traditional uses for ramie have been for heavy industrial-type fabrics such as canvas, packaging material, and upholstery. Increased production of the fiber in Asia, particularly China, has promoted the use in blended fabrics with silk, linen, and cotton which can now be found on the market. 

Packaging. Because of the extremely broad demands on the mechanical properties of packaging materials, the entire range of ceUular polymers from rigid to flexible is used in this appHcation. The most important considerations are mechanical properties, cost, ease of appHcation or fabrication, moisture susceptibUity, thermal conductivity, and aesthetic appeal. 

Antistatic protection is an important consideration within the electronic industry and various antistatic agents are used commercially to aUeviate this problem in cushion packaging materials. 

Expanded polystyrene bead mol ding products account for the largest portion of the drinking cup market and are used in fabricating a variety of other products including packaging materials, iasulation board, and ice chests. The iasulation value, the moisture resistance, and physical properties are inferior to extmded boardstock, but the material cost is much less. 

Polyethylene shrink film wrapping of cormgated ftberboard trays is in common use outside of the United States. Equipment erects the trays, fills the trays with primary packages such as cans or jars, wraps the grouping in shrink film, and heat shrinks the combination. Shrink film wrapping keeps primary and secondary packaging materials clean and dry. 

Fabrication. Flexible packaging materials may be mono- or multilayer. Monolayer materials are usually films that have been produced by polymer resin melting and extmsion. 

A small quantity of flexible packaging material, usually oriented polypropylene, shrink polypropylene, or polyethylene, is used to overwrap paperboard cartons. The film is wrapped around the carton and sealed by heating. Products such as boxed chocolates, candies, and cookies are overwrapped, sometimes by a printed film. 

Numerous variations and other appHcations are common for flexible packaging materials, eg, oxygen-permeable wraps for fresh red meat and produce shrinkable, low oxygen permeabiHty bags for meat and rigid tray closures. 

Packaging and Packaging Materials, United Nations, New York, 1969. 

Certain bacterial species produce polymers of y-hydroxybutyric acid and other hydroxyalkanoic acids as storage polymers. These are biodegradable polymers with some desirable properties for manufacture of biodegradable packaging materials, and considerable effort is being devoted by ICI Ltd. and others to the development of bacterial fermentation processes to produce these polymers at a high molecular weight (66). 

Dense Symmetrical Membranes. These membranes are used on a large scale ia packagiag appHcations (see Eilms and sheeting Packaging materials). They are also used widely ia the laboratory to characterize membrane separation properties. However, it is difficult to make mechanically strong and defect-free symmetrical membranes thinner than 20 p.m, so the flux is low, and these membranes are rarely used in separation processes. Eor laboratory work, the membranes are prepared by solution casting or by melt pressing. 

Chemical treatments commonly appHed to cormgated paperboard packaging materials include additives that impart various degrees of water resistance, humidity resistance, oil and grease resistance, product abrasion resistance, product corrosion resistance, adhesion release properties, flame-retardant properties, nonskid properties, and static electricity control properties to the finished package (1,2). 

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