Subject optically transparent

In 1959, J. H. Schulman introduced the term microemulsion for transparent-solutions of a model four-component system [126]. Basically, microemulsions consist of water, an oily component, surfactant, and co-surfactant. A three phase diagram illustrating the area of existence of microemulsions is presented in Fig. 6 [24]. The phase equilibria, structures, applications, and chemical reactions of microemulsion have been reviewed by Sjoblom et al. [127]. In contrast to macroemulsions, microemulsions are optically transparent, isotropic, and thermodynamically stable [128, 129]. Microemulsions have been subject of various... 

However, due to other favorable properties, such as optical transparency and ease of formability, glasses find wide industrial use and, as a result, have been the subject of much investigation. 

When the above saturated concentrated emulsions were subjected to centrifugation, two phases formed an optically transparent concentrated emul-... 

Third category is related to the subject of transparent materials and technology. First is the cure technology by UV radiation. Second is optical fiber coat technology and third is potting gel technology. 

TetrahedraUy bonded amorphous carbon (ta-C), often conveniently referred to as amorphous diamond (surely an oxymoron), has been a subject of considerable interest because of a hardness comparable to crystalline diamond, a high thermal conductivity (which makes it potentially useful for electronic components), optical transparency and chemical inertness [8]. It differs from a-Si and a-Ge in that it generally has a mixture of sp and sp bonding in the network, but there has been much progress in depositing ta-C films that approach pure sp bonding. Thus a satisfactory model of pure ta-C is needed to serve as a benchmark. 

The formation of three-dimensional polymer networks during the synthesis process has long been an important subject in polymer chemistry and physics [63-66]. The mechanism of formation of the organic (polymer)-inorganic (clay) network structure of NC gels was elucidated on the basis of changes in viscosity, optical transparency, XRD, and mechanical properties [39]. 

Hence, in contrast to transmission spectroscopy, where the sample intercepts the path of the IR beam, in ATR the sample is placed on an IR-transparent crystal (IRE, internal reflection element), permitting total internal reflection. In vivo (or in situ) experimentation is permitted by virtue of one of several design arrangements (a) the region of skin under study may be placed directly in contact with the crystal (b) a remote fiber-optic probe (with IRE head) may be used to transfer the IR beam from the source to the sample and ultimately to the detector and (c) samples removed from the subject may be placed directly onto the crystal. 

Optical Absorbance and Spectrophotometric Methods. Direct spec-trophotometric methods involving light absorption have some limited value for very high potency material. The absorbance spectrum of ascorbic acid in neutral aqueous solutions has a peak value at 265 nm with E between 7500 and 16,650 as reported in the literature. The differences are due to nonanaerobic conditions (16,17). The maximum is shifted towards 245 nm in acidic solutions. Dehydroascorbic acid is transparent in the region of 230 nm to 280 nm, but has a weak absorption, Emax = 720 at 300 nm (18). A basic drawback to the successful application of spectrophotometric methods to the estimation of ascorbic acid is that the well-defined absorption band in the UV region of the spectrum is subject to interference from many substances, which would present a problem when applied to food and tissue extracts. 

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