Benefit design transparency

A compound library contains one to many compound samples. In other words, library and compound sample form a Has-A relationship. At the same time, library and compound samples also share some common attributes such as project, chemist, and notebook. Therefore, they should have a common base class—we call it ChemicalEntity. In Figure 12.14, abstract class ChemicalEntity owns properties that are common to ChemicalLibrary and Chemicals ample, such as chemist, project, creation date, and notebook. Both ChemicalLibrary and ChemicalSample classes extend ChemicalEntity. The association line from ChemicalLibrary to ChemicalEntity indicates that a ChemicalLibrary is a composite of other chemical entities. This design is described as the Composite Pattern in the GoF book (Gamma et al., 1995). The benefit of the Composite Pattern is that component and composite share the same interfaces and therefore their clients can invoke them transparently without knowing whether they are dealing with a component or a composite at run time. 

An automated retrieval system which benefits from the frame type representation has been developed to easily and rapidly access any data in a transparent way for the user. He only needs to indicate his choice among the propositions suggested by the system. The program has been designed so that constraints can be put on any parameter in order to select distinct experiments. For example, to analyze which zeolite is the most suitable for a given chemical reaction at given reaction conditions, the user will put successive constraints on the kind of reaction, the type of zeolite, the limits of conversion and selectivity, and on the reaction conditions. After each selection, the system displays the number of experiments which satisfy these constraints. Hence, the user can decide to i) list the selected experiments, ii) impose a new selection by entering an additional constraint, iii) plot the retained data, iv) compute correlations, or v) quit the application. One can then easily access the characteristics of the listed experiments so that the user can check and compare all the parameters and verify which one(s) could influence the observed conversion, selectivity, and yield, and maybe have a track for further analyses. 

In summary, all these frameworks proposed are similar in that they depict the steps and aspects of the BRA process. Given the complexity of the BRA process and large amount of evidence from various sources, a benefit-risk framework should be used to structure and organize the evaluation, to provide clarity and transparency, and to help to identify potential gaps for the assessment. At the early stage of drug development, the framework also informs study design and evidence accumulation. 

LEED provides practitioners with a platform to advance the consideration of issues related to location and transportation, design and engineering processes, construction activity, site planning, energy, water, materials, indoor environmental quality, and innovation. One of LEED s fundamental benefits to the market is greater transparency about the achievements and performance of buildings with regard to these previously invisible characteristics. 

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