Hazardous substances

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency publishes sets of Series Methods that describe procedures for detecting and estimating the quantity of environmentally hazardous substances. There are strict requirements for accuracy, reproducibility, and for calibration of mass spectrometers. 

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) authorizes control over hazardous and potentially hazardous substances and validates appropriate methods of analysis, many of which require GC/MS. 

The Environmental Protection Agency lays down strict guidelines for the analysis of a range of environmentally hazardous substances. Many of the analyses utilize GC/MS. 

PACKAGING - CONTAINERS FORINDUSTRIALMATERIALS] (Vol 17) Regulation for the Management of Extremely Hazardous Substances Act... 

E. Graedel, D. T. Hawkins, and L. D. Cld,si.toQ., Atmospheric Chemical Compounds, Academic Press, Odando, Fla., 1986, p. 263, cited in Hazardous Substances Data Bank, Acetone from Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md., Jan. 1990, NATS section in the review. 

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabiHty Act of 1980 (CERCLA) requires notification to the National Response Center of releases of quantities of hazardous substances equal to or greater than the reportable quantity (RQ) in 40 CER 302.4, which is one pound (0.454 kg). 

OSHA has a TWA standaid on a weight of Sb basis of 0.5 mg/for antimony in addition to a standard TWA of 2.5 mg/m for fluoride. NIOSH has issued a criteria document on occupational exposure to inorganic fluorides. Antimony pentafluoride is considered by the EPA to be an extremely hazardous substance and releases of 0.45 kg or more reportable quantity (RQ) must be reported. Antimony triduoride is on the CERCLA bst and releasing of 450 kg or more RQ must be reported. 

Although it is widely recognized as a hazardous substance, large volumes of HF are safely manufactured, shipped, and used, and have been for many years. Excellent manuals describing equipment and procedures for the safe handling of hydrogen fluoride are available from manufacturers (16,17,42). 

The importance of hydrolysis potential, ie, whether moisture or water is present, is illustrated by the following example. In the normal dermal toxicity test, namely dry product on dry animal skin, sodium borohydride was found to be nontoxic under the classification of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. Furthermore, it was not a skin sensitizer. But on moist skin, severe irritation and bums resulted. 

S. Roach, Health Risksfrom Hazardous Substances at Work, Pergamon, Oxford, U.K., 1992. 

Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Nr 1092, Right-to-Know Project, New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, N.J., 1987. 

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 16, part 1500, Federal Hazardous Substances Act Regulation, Consumer Products Safety Commission, Washington,... 

Regulation for the Management of Extremely Ha rdous Substances State ofDelaware, Department ofNatural Resources and Environmental Control, Sept. 25,1989 Extremely Hazardous Substances Risk Management A.c% Tide 7, Chapt. 77, July 19, 1988. 

Liquid polyalurninum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for constmction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic mbber-lined steel, corrosion resistant fiber glass reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG). Suitable shipping containers include mbber-lined tank tmcks and rail cars for bulk shipment and plastic-lined or aH-plastic dmms and tote bins for smaller quantities. Except for aluminum chlorohydrates, PAG products are shipped as hazardous substances because of their acidity. 

R. P. Pohanish and S. A. Green, eds.. Hazardous Substance Resource Guide, Gale Research, Detroit, Mich., 1993, pp. 252—253. 

Poly(vinyl chloride) is Hsted on the TSCA inventory and the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) as ethene, chloro-, homopolymer [9002-86-2]. Because polymers do not appear on the European Community Commercial Chemical Substances listing or EINECS, poly(vinyl chloride) is listed through its monomer, vinyl chloride [75-01-4]. In the United States, poly(vinyl chloride) is an EPA hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act Section 112 (40 CER 61) and is covered under the New Jersey Community Right-to-Know Survey N.J. Environmental Hazardous Substances (EHS) List as "chloroethylene, polymer" with a reporting threshold of 225 kg (500 lb). 

R. S. Magee, Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration A Eiterature Study, Hazardous Substance Management Research Center, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Mar. 1989. 

Benzyl chloride is classified by DOT as chemicals NOIBN, poisonous, corrosive and a hazardous substance (100 lbs-45.45 kg). Benzal chloride is classified as poisonous and a hazardous substance (5000 lbs-2270 kg). Benzotrichloride is classified under DOT regulation as a corrosive Hquid NOS and a hazardous substance (10 lbs-4.5 kg). The Freight Classification Chemical NOI appHes. It is shipped in lacquer-lined steel dmms and nickel-lined tank trailers. Benzal chloride is handled in a similar fashion. 

Cumene, Hazardous Substances Databank No. 172, TOXNET (Toxicology Data Network), National Library of Mediciae, Bethesda, Md., 1989. 

Waste minimization generally considers all of the methods in the EPA hierarchy (except for disposal) appropriate to reduce the volume or quantity of waste requiring dispos (i.e., source reduction). The definition oi source reduction as applied in the Pollution Prevention Act, however, is any practice that reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream... 

Materials that demonstrate unusual reactivity with water are identified as and materials that possess oxidizing properties shall be identified by the letters Z. Other special hazard symbols may be used to identify radioactive hazards, corrosive hazards, substances that are toxic to fish, and so on. 

Consequence Estimation Given that an incident (release of material or energy) has been defined, the consequences can be estimated. The general logic diagram in Fig. 26-6 illustrates these calculations for the release of a volatile hazardous substance. 

Ronald E. Hester is Professor of Chemistry in the University of York. He was for short periods a research fellow in Cambridge and an assistant professor at Cornell before being appointed to a lectureship in chemistry in York in 1965. He has been a full professor in York since 1983. His more than 300 publications are mainly in the area of vibrational spectroscopy, latterly focusing on time-resolved studies of photoreaction intermediates and on biomolecular systems in solution. He is active in environmental chemistry and is a founder member and former chairman of the Environment Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry and editor of Industry and the Environment in Perspective (RSC, 1983) and Understanding Our Environment (RSC, 1986). As a member of the Council of the UK Science and Engineering Research Council and several of its sub-committees, panels and boards, he has been heavily involved in national science policy and administration. He was, from 1991-93, a member of the UK Department of the Environment Advisory Committee on Hazardous Substances and is currently a member of the Publications and Information Board of the Royal Society of Chemistry. 

In addition, the DoE proposed EQSs in a 1991 consultation document for those pesticides on the Red List (the UK s original priority hazardous substances list). Although non-statutory, the Government is committed to the reduction of Red List Substances discharging to the North Sea and the NRA uses the standards to assess the effects of these substances on the environment and to derive consents for point source discharges of these compounds. Failures for agricultural pesticides are rare. 

Is there potential that the product may result m the environmental or non-workplace release of a highly hazardous substance or an environmentally difficult material If yes did the toller receive a life cycle evaluation (for example, disposal of products, handling returns and rejects) Does the Toller understand the information Was written acknowledgment obtained indicating that the information was received ... 

Are hazardous substances (for example, fuel oil, gasoline, acids, bases, solvents, or metal bearing solutions) stored on-site If yes, describe usage, storage method and location. 

Provide annual estimates of all point and fugitive emission sources (tons per year) of hazardous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals and fossil fuel products (for example, NOx and SOx) that are released to the environment. 

Tanks and Appurtenances Used to Contain Hazardous Substances... 

Tanks and Appurtenances Used to Contain Hazard Substances Including Aboveground Tanks, Underground Tanks, Piping and Appurtenances, and Storm Water Management Systems Associated witb Containment Systems... 

Storm water infiltration or runoff wbicb could transport hazardous substances... 

Spills and releases from transfer hoses during decoupling operations Subsurface disposal of materials containing hazardous substances... 

Runoff from areas where hazardous substances are or were used into storm water drainage systems... 

Discharges of hazardous substances due to failure or holes in heat exchangers... 

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