Restriction of Hazardous Substances RoHS

RoHS Since the Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic eqnipment (cotmnonly referred to as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive of the RoHS directive) came into force in the European Union (EU) in Jnly 2006 [167]. Some of the same regulations on chemical management have been adopted in other parts of the world. The RoHS directive restricts the amount of PBBs and PBDEs [168] contained in electrical and electronic equipment to less than 1000 ppm. No electronic electric apparatus can be marketed in an EU member state if it contains those materials in excess of a designated value of RoHS. PBBs and PBDEs are among the large variety of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) used in plastics and textiles. PBBs are no longer produced, but PBDEs were in widespread nse before the RoHS directive came into effect, and 

Mass Spectrum The ability of the present methods to identify PBDEs and deca-bromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in the plastic samples that contain several BFRs. 

Thomson BA, Davidson WR, Lovett AM. Applications of a versatile technique for trace analysis atmospheric pressure negative chemical ionization. Environ Health Persp. 1980 36 77-84. 

Hodges RV, Beauchamp JL. Application of alkali ions in chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1976 48 825-8. 

Bombiok D, Pinkston JD, Allison J. Potassium ion chemical ionization and other uses of an alkali thermionic emitter in mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 1984 56 396-402. Schmelzeisen-Redeker G, Giessmam U, Rollgen FW. In-beam ionization by alkali ion attachment applying a two-filament ion source. Org Mass Spectrom. 1985 20 305-309. Anderson WR Jr, Frick W, Daves CD Jr A direct technique for obtaining electron-impact mass spectra of polar, involatile compounds. Application to underivatized disacchaiides. J Am Chem Soc. 1978 100 1974-75. 

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The mandate within the Directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) to phase out a range of hazardous materials in new electrical and electronic products by 2006, has... 

In the case of green chemistry, and more especially chemical substitution, a number of policy instruments are relevant. The traditional approach is to ban certain toxic chemicals in order to induce substitution efforts. Such bans are usually preceded by examples of successful substitutions, as it is controversial to ban chemicals when no alternatives exist at reasonable cost. Otherwise, industry is often granted generous phase-in periods, in order to develop substitutes. A third way is to grant derogations when it is hard or very costly to develop substitutes. The latter approach has been applied in the context of the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (Directive 2002/95/EC), which bans six substances in electrical and electronic products. A slightly less interventionist approach is to put restrictions on uses of certain chemicals. Other administrative approaches include the ban of chemicals, or restrictions in use, in individual operations when these apply for permits. 

For example, the electronics industry was adamant that the material phase-outs stipulated within the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive for new electrical and electronic equipment must apply equally across Europe. In a joint letter to the Commission sent by leading producers, they urged a clear legal basis for the RoHS directive, so as to provide a high level of protection for citizens without creating uncertainty for business and undermining the Single Market (EC, 2001). 

The European Union has taken the lead in restricting the use of some hazardous materials in the manufacture of electrical and electronic hardware. The program, referred to as Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), applies to all electrical and electronic products produced in Europe and products imported from other countries, thus has very broad application. The regulations put into force on July 1, 2006, apply to lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium (Cr ), poly-brominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). The RoHS guideline document specifies 0.1% or 1,000 ppm as the maximum amount permitted for lead, mercury, Cr" " , PBB, and PBDE and 0.01% or 100 ppm for cadmium. The document also describes guidelines for sample preparation and analyses of the restricted materials. 

Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), www.rohs.gov.uk. Accessed 2.09.10. 

Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS). RoHS regulations are focused on avoiding and reducing the use of heavy metals and other hazardous substances that could discourage or make complex the recovery of the product at EOU. 

Another MS/MS application for ion trap mass spectrometry involves the analysis of polybrominated flame retardants (PBDEs). As a result of regulations promulgated during the past flve years, such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) [61] and other similar programs, there has been a determined effort to decrease the use of brominated flame retardants in the manufacture of consumer products. The chemical structure for a typical PBDE is illustrated in Eigure 15.42. 

Recently, Pb-free piezoelectric materials have been researched because of the toxin of Pb for health. It was applied as restriction of hazardous substances (RoHs) from 1 July 2006 based on directive 2001/95/EC of the Europjean Parliament and of the Coimcil of 27 January 2003,... 

Over the last decade there have been a number of trends driving increased use of PAEK in new classes of electronics applications. The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives restrict the use of heavy... 

With the implementation of the European Union (EU) directive on Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), the printed circuit industry has been forced to undergo a revolution in technology that is unprecedented in its history.The result is commonly called lead-free, a term that the reader will find used throughout this book, even though the restrictions are on several materials in addition to lead, as described in Chapter 1. The reason for this emphasis is that the biggest impact on the industry is the elimination of lead in the solder that is used for interconnection of the components and the board. 

A new requirement on packages— that of lead-free solder—has initiated a tremendous amount of developmental effort in the past few years. This effort stems from the requirement of packages exported to the European Union (EU) market, to pass Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) compliance requirements set forth in the Directive 2002/95/EC of the... 

In addition, the advent of the European Union s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive and the lead-free assembly processes that result are redefining the requirements for base materials. RoHS has a severe impact on all aspects of base materials technology. The impact of lead-free assembly on base materials and a method of selecting materials for lead-free assembly are discussed in Chaps. 10 and 11. Requirements to support circuit densification, reliability, and electrical performance are also critical and will be discussed in Chap. 9. This chapter discusses grades and specifications of base materials, as well as the manufacturing processes used to make them. 

Environmental legislation such as the European Union s Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive has a profound impact on all levels of the electronics supply chain, including these components. RoHS restricts the use of lead, which is an element in the solder used for component assembly onto printed circuits. The impact on the base materials and components is primarily the result of higher assembly temperatures that are associated with lead-free assembly. Table 7.1 summarizes the key issues for base material components. RoHS issues will be discussed further in Chap. 10. 

Chromic Acid. Chromic acid is a more controllable method that imparts some topography for enhanced hole wall adhesion and has a longer bath life. However, insufficient neutralization of the Cr leads to copper voids. The line cost of using chromic add is appealing. However, the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and waste treatment regnlations of chromic acid add substantial costs that make this method a nonviable option. Etchback is possible by double processing. 

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive 2002/95/EC places restrictions upon specific materials that may be included in PCB fabrication materials, including solder masks. These requirements may require some products to be reformulated. Some products and/or markets may require low-halogen materials to comply with company or industry specifications. Again, these requirements have required some solder masks to be reformulated or new products to be developed. 

The implementation by the European Parliament of Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances (Restriction of Hazardous Substances [RoHS]) in electrical and electronic equipment, including lead in solder, has had significant... 

Ovens and RoHS. The onset of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) legislation and the move to Pb-free reflow has implications for reflow equipment. When nsing ovens set np for Sn-Pb soldering, there are five areas that the process engineer must pay attention to when making the move to Pb-free reflow. 

Since the LGA connection to the PWB is solderless, it is environmentally friendly, requiring no heating for solder, soldering, or rework. It is easy to move into comphance with the European Union s (EU) Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) requirements since solder considerations (at least external to the package) are absent. 

The use of chromate conversion coatings has led to progressively greater restrictions imposed by national and international legislation (European Union directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and European Union directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)) relating to concerns over health, safety and environmental protection regarding the use of these treatments. However, the aeronautical industry is a major chromates consumer until a viable alternative can be found. 

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