Hazardous substances containment

Tanks and Appurtenances Used to Contain Hazardous Substances... 

Tanks and Appurtenances Used to Contain Hazard Substances Including Aboveground Tanks, Underground Tanks, Piping and Appurtenances, and Storm Water Management Systems Associated witb Containment Systems... 

Spills and releases from transfer hoses during decoupling operations Subsurface disposal of materials containing hazardous substances... 

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund Act, requires EPA to create new processes, policies, and procedures, and develop new technical capabilities for treating and containing hazardous substances. 

It is the responsibility of the disposal company concerned to identify and separate novel components containing hazardous substances. However, the disposal company can do this only if the manufacturers or importers assume their responsibility as producers by making a corresponding declaration. 

The requirements for proper disposal of electronic waste appliances are as follows (a) appliances may be broken up (shredded) only if the components containing particularly hazardous substances have previously been removed and (b) since in disposing of electronic appliances the main emphasis is on the recovery of nonferrous metals, nonstripped appliances must not be shredded together with scrap cars. As a rule, electronic appliances are dismantled manually to achieve effective separation of the components containing hazardous substances. 

To minimise hazardous additives in used goods and to improve their recyclability, it is, for example, required to strictly label appliances containing hazardous substances and to improve safe handling of those goods. For persistent hazardous substances like fluorinated compounds, inventories covering production, trade, transportation, applications and disposal are extremely helpful to identify sources and sinks in the technosphere and in the environment and their impact. 

A petroleum product is excluded even if it contains other listed hazardous substances provided that those substances were not added to the oil after the refining process, and are found at concentrations normally detected in crude oil or refined petroleum products. Just what is a petroleum product is important since such determination will decide if it meets the criteria for exclusion. The two issues are (1) is the material released a petroleum product, and (2) does it contain hazardous substances otherwise listed by the EPA, which limits the applicability of the exclusion to the release in question. The EPA in 1985 interpreted the petroleum exclusion to pertain to... 

In March 1996, the EPA further determined that used oil that contains hazardous substances at levels which exceed those normally found in petroleum are, however, subject to CERCLA. If these spilled materials meet the criteria for hazardous waste... 

Secondary wastes are generated from the collection, treatment, incineration, or disposal of hazardous wastes, such as sludges, sediments, effluents, leachates, and air emissions. These secondary wastes may also contain hazardous substances and must be treated or disposed of properly to prevent secondary pollution of underground water, surface water, soil, or air. 

Subsurface disposal of materials containing hazardous substances... 

This Report presents recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) on a new system for classifying waste that contains hazardous substances, either radionuclides or hazardous chemicals. NCRP s recommendations incorporate three principles. 

Second, waste that contains hazardous substances is classified based on considerations of health risks to the public that arise from waste disposal. The existing classification systems for radioactive and chemical wastes in the United States are not based primarily on considerations of health risks to the public. Rather, classification of hazardous wastes has been based primarily on the source of the waste or the presence of particular hazardous substances. The absence of risk-based waste classifications has had a number of undesirable ramifications ... 

Exempt waste any waste containing hazardous substances that is generally acceptable for disposition as nonhazardous material (e.g., disposal in a municipal/industrial landfill for nonhazardous waste). 

Waste is any material that has insufficient value to justify further beneficial use, and thus must be managed at a cost. Wastes that contain hazardous substances, either radionuclides or toxic chemicals, are generated by many human activities. Management and disposal of these wastes must be conducted in ways that protect human health. Because hazardous wastes vary widely in their compositions and concentrations of hazardous substances and in their potential impacts on human health, the need to protect human health is met most efficiently by use of a variety of technological approaches to waste management and disposal, rather than a single approach for all wastes. 

A listed hazardous waste cannot be rendered nonhazardous by treatment or by dilution or mixing with nonhazardous materials. EPAhas issued proposals to establish exemption levels for listed wastes that contain small amounts of hazardous substances, but such exemption provisions are not yet established in regulations. Thus, a listed hazardous waste can be exempted from RCRA requirements only by the process of delisting. EPA also has exempted certain materials that contain hazardous substances to allow their beneficial use (e.g., ash and sludge from coalburning power plants, sewage sludge). 

Thus, NCRP intends that exempt waste could be used or disposed of in any manner allowed by laws and regulations addressing disposition of nonhazardous materials. However, waste that would be exempt for purposes of disposal would not necessarily be exempt for purposes of beneficial use as well. Exemption of materials that contain hazardous substances to allow beneficial use also should be based on considerations of health risks to the public. However, limits on the amounts of hazardous substances that could be present in exempt materials intended for a particular beneficial use could be substantially lower than the limits for disposal as exempt waste, due to differences in exposure scenarios for the two dispositions, and disposal may be the only allowable disposition of some exempt materials based on considerations of risk. In addition, exempt materials may consist of trash, rubble, and residues from industrial processes that have no beneficial uses and must be managed as waste. 

Second, not all chemical wastes that contain hazardous substances are deemed to be hazardous. EPA considers wastes that contain certain hazardous substances (heavy metals and organic compounds, including carcinogens and noncarcinogens) not to be hazardous if the leachability of the substances from the waste form is limited. This characterization of waste as nonhazardous is based on EPA s judgment that potential risks to humans resulting from disposal of the waste would not exceed acceptable levels. 

Exclusion or exemption of waste that contains hazardous substances from the management system for hazardous chemical waste has been based primarily on the source of the waste rather than the risk that it poses. 

A risk-based waste classification system should apply to all wastes that contain hazardous substances. That is, it should apply irrespective of the nature of the hazardous substances in the waste (chemical,... 

This Section develops NCRP s recommendations on the principles and framework for a comprehensive and risk-based hazardous waste classification system. Implementation of the system also is discussed. These recommendations focus on classification of waste that contains hazardous substances for purposes of permanent disposal. The proposed waste classification system was developed to address deficiencies in the existing waste classification systems discussed in Sections 2, 4 and 5. 

The risk index defined in Equation 6.1 (see Section 6.2.1) is intended to provide a measure of the potential risk that arises from disposal of any waste that contains hazardous substances. In Section 6.3, the general definition of the risk index is elaborated and recommendations on suitable approaches to calculating the risk index for individual hazardous substances are presented. For purposes of developing a comprehensive and risk-based waste classification system, a simple method of calculating the risk from disposal of mixtures of hazardous substances is needed. The method must take into account that the allowable concentrations of particular hazardous substances in waste of a given class generally will be lower when multiple substances are present than when only a single substance is present. Such a method is presented and discussed in this Section. 

The hazardous waste classification system recommended by NCRP is depicted in Figure 6.1 at the beginning of Section 6. This proposal was developed with two fundamental objectives in mind. First, all wastes that contain radionuclides, hazardous chemicals, or mixtures of the two should be included in the same classification system. A comprehensive hazardous waste classification system should be developed to replace the separate, and quite different, classification systems for radioactive and hazardous chemical wastes, as well as the separate classification systems for radioactive waste that arises from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle and NARM waste. Second, all hazardous wastes should be classified based on considerations of risks to the public that arise from disposition of the material. In this Report, permanent disposal in a permitted facility for hazardous or nonhazardous waste is the assumed disposition of waste containing hazardous substances that has no further use to its present custodian. An important consequence of these two objectives is that the same rules should apply in classifying any waste that contains hazardous substances. 

Generally, environmental regulations require that an employer have all MSDSs for any workplace product that contains hazardous substances, and these must be made available to employees on request. MSDSs can also be obtained from the manufacturer of the material, and many are available over the Internet. 

An SDS should be produced for all substances and mixtures which meet the harmonized criteria for physical, health or environmental hazards under the GHS and for all mixtures which contain substances that meet the criteria for carcinogenic, toxic to reproduction or specific target organ systemic toxicity in concentrations exceeding the cut-off limits for SDS specified by the criteria for mixtures (see 1.5.3.1). The competent authority may choose also to require SDS s for mixtures not meeting the criteria for classification as hazardous but which contain hazardous substances in certain concentrations (see 1.5.3.1). 

Operative personnel must understand that the containment and barrier techniques used in the operation of the BSC are significant not only as protection against sudden, overt contamination, but more importantly, as barriers to traces of residual contamination to which constant exposure may present long term health risks. Current pharmacy practices and contamination control manipulative techniques have been shown to be inadequate to contain hazardous substances in all phases of compounding and administration, and a pharmacy-wide study and standardized, remedial training programs must by quickly developed and carried out to protect operative personnel. ... 

It is estimated that more than 25 percent of all the lead (a poisonous substance) in landfills today is a result of consumer electronics components. Because they contain hazardous substances, many states require that consumer electronics... 

Automation of a manual SPE method can provide many benefits, which include health and safety, improved results, and cost savings. Automating a manual SPE method removes the analysts from extended contact with biological samples, such as biological fluids (i.e., blood, serum, and urine) that may contain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses, or environmental samples that may contain hazardous substances. Because automated workstations are mechanical, they can work in environments where humans might not or cannot work. For example, they include hostile work environments, noisy production locations, or a refrigerated room. 

Finally, packages containing hazardous substances and having a capacity of 110 gallons or less must, effective July 1, 1983, have ... 

The soil plays a central role within ecosystems and fulfils a multitude of functions (as a habitat and with regulatory and production functions). On reaching soils, pollutants can adversely affect these functions, thus they can move to other media and cause damage to other components of the ecosystem. Soil contamination comprises either solid or liquid hazardous substances mixed with the naturally occurring soil. Usually, contaminants in the soil are physically or chemically attached to soil particles, or if they are not attached, trapped in the small spaces between soil particles. Soil contamination results when hazardous substances are either spilled or buried directly in the soil or migrate to the soil from a spill that has occurred elsewhere. Another source of soil contamination could be from water flowing near soils containing hazardous substances. 

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