Tanks underground

Dyes. Dyes are added to gasoline to impart color for a number of reasons. Originally, these compounds were used to identify leaded gasoline so that it would not be used for other inappropriate purposes, such as solvents. Dyes are used to identify different gasoline grades so that pipeline companies can separate tenders, and so that service stations can easily check that the correct grade was placed in the underground tanks (aq). Dyes are usually based on a2o chemistry and are added in concentrations below 10 ppm (see Azo dyes). 

Chemical processing or reprocessing (39) of the fuel to extract the plutonium and uranium left a residue of radioactive waste, which was stored in underground tanks. By 1945, the reactors had produced enough plutonium for two nuclear weapons. One was tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico, in July 1945 the other was dropped at Nagasaki in August 1945. 

Phosphoms is stored and handled under a protective layer of water. Production quantities are transferred as a Hquid by either water displacement or pumps, with water recycle to maintain the water balance and cover. In earlier times, phosphoms was sometimes stored in underground tanks or pits, but as of the 1990s storage is limited to tanks located inside diked areas that are accessible on the outside for safety and leakage control. 

UL 58, Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids... 

Detecting Leaks Small leaks are difficult to detect. The USEPA and American Petroleum Institute standard for nonlealdng underground tanks is 0.05 gaUh (3.15 cmVmin), above which a tank is considered to be leaking. Leak detection measurements can be influenced by many factors, making it difficult to detect small leaks. 

If ABC Co. materials were stored m an underground tank, the tank should be cleaned and examined for possible leakage. If leakage is indicated, the area must be decontaminated. ... 

Tanks and Appurtenances Used to Contain Hazard Substances Including Aboveground Tanks, Underground Tanks, Piping and Appurtenances, and Storm Water Management Systems Associated witb Containment Systems... 

If the protection current density for underground tank installations is not much... 

Underground tanks are not recommended for plant areas. They cannot be inspected for external corrosion, and the ground is often contaminated with coiTosive chemicals. 

A few years later carbon dioxide was injected into an underground tank containing Jet fuel as a tryout of a fire-fighting system. The tank blew up, killing 18 people who were standing on top of the tank. In this case the discharge may have occurred from the cloud of carbon dioxide particles. 

Today s underground tanks must last thirty or more years without undue maintenance. To meet these criteria they must be able to maintain their structural integrity and resist the corrosive effects of soil and gasoline, including gasoline that has been contaminated with moisture and soil. 

The pulp and paper additives enter the process first through a dump chest in their concentrated form. Adjustments are then made to the concentration in the stock chest just prior to transfer onto the Fourdrinier wire where the paper sheet is produced. Surface additives are sprayed after sheet formation and the final sheet is dried at high temperatures in dryers. The water from the wire is removed into underground tanks and in most cases, recirculated and reused. 

Although it is more desirable to remove unreliable underground tanks, a tank may be abandoned in place, for example, when it is indoors, under a building, beneath a foundation, or barricaded with other constructions. 

Radioactive wastes are usually stored in underground tanks or in temporary storage at reactor sites for recycling or disposal (Whicker and Schultz 1982a). For low-level wastes, containment and isolation are the preferred disposal options, including burial, hydraulic injection into deep geological strata, and ocean disposal (Table 32.10). Options for the disposal of high-level wastes include... 

Underground tanks or closed sumps (for collection of volatile liquids)... 

The underground tanks at this site were located in a tank hold that extended into the shale. When the release occurred, gasoline migrated downward into the shale and groundwater. Groundwater in the shallow aquifer in this area is not used, due to limited quantity and poor quality, although a significant concern existed due to elevated hydrocarbon vapors. A local basement fire had been attributed to the presence of the vapors. 

The 1984 amendments also brought the owners and operators of underground storage tanks under the RCRA umbrella. This can have a significant effect on refineries that store products in underground tanks. Now, in addition to the hazardous waste being controlled, RCRA Subtitle I regulates petroleum products. 

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