Banned Hazardous Substances

EPA. 1973b. Banned hazardous substances Banned toys and other banned articles intended for use by children. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register 38 27017-27018. 

Much time in 2001 was spent in the EU Commission and the Parliament looking at brominated FRs in the context of the WEEE and hazardous substance ban (RoHS) directives. At one point the... 

When the United Nations tried to negotiate a treaty banning hazardous substances in 1999, medical authorities argued passionately for continuing the use of DDT, despite its harm to wildlife. They argued that only small amounts of DDT are used today the entire nation of Guyana, for example,... 

To help protect small children, CPSC requires that the concentration of lead in most paints available through normal consumer channels be not more than 0.06%. The Federal Hazardous Substance Act (FHSA) bans children s products containing hazardous amounts of lead. 

China, in addition to ratifying the Basel Convention, has a 2002 law banning hazardous waste imports. In 2005, the Management Measure for the Prevention of Pollution from Electronic Products became effective. It has been referred to as China s RoHS, specifying limits on materials similar to the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive. A new waste disposal law enacted in 2009, Regulations for the Administration of the Recovery and Disposal of Electric and... 

Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and 69 ratified the ban on all kinds of hazardous waste export from wealthy OECD-countries to non-OECD countries, large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are shipped overseas for recycling, the majority to China as reported by Brigden et al. [2] and Puckett et al. [3], lesser quantities to India and Western Africa reported by Kuper and Hojsik [4]. WEEE contains a variety of harmful substances like endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Additionally, hazardous substances may be formed during informal recycling. This often practised informal treatment without proper equipment for metal extraction and labour safety heavily affects the environment and human health of workers and the inhabitants of whole stretches of land. 

Proposals for the EU to press for nine hazardous substances to be banned or severely restricted under two international treaties on persistent organic pollutants were issued by the European Commission in August. The substances include polychlorinated naphthalenes and the flame retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether, concentrations of which were recently found to be rising in the Arctic environment and wildlife. 

Provisions and criteria should be established for the production and management of intermediates containing POPs. The Name List for Hazardous Chemicals Banned and Restricted Strictly should be adjusted to add Mirex and other emerging POPs related toxic chemicals into the controlled substances subject to the Environmental Management Registration System for Import/Export of Toxic Chemicals. 

Similarly, the various EU directives that mandate substance bans have initiated wide scale research and development of alternative materials. Lead is a case in point. Lead has been widely used in the electronic industry in solders. Lead-free solders have existed for many years but it was the mandate in the Restriction of use of certain Flazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) to have products free of lead by July 2006 that spurred industry research, planning and adoption of the substitutes. Annex I lists examples of Green Chemistry case studies where research was stimulated in response to legislation targeting hazardous materials. 

The Construction Federation that represents the interests of the construction industry in Sweden, state in their response to the REACH consultation that "Particularly hazardous substances must be blacklisted and, accordingly, banned. Only substances for which there Is no safer alternative may be exempted and this only if there are strong social or economic reasons for doing so. 

In actual fact a great deal has also been undertaken in this area in the past. Many of the hazardous substances mentioned above have now more or less disappeared from the market. Some were banned (e.g. DDT, CFCs, PCBs), their functions now being performed by less hazardous substances. Other hazardous substances have at least been considerably curtailed in their use with safety requirements being imposed (e.g. chlorinated solvents, highly toxic heavy metals). This has also led to the reduction of risks emanating from hazardous substances in many areas. 

Another problem is the extent of regulative measures. On the one hand, the use of asbestos is now almost completely banned in the European Union and in many other industrialised and economically thriving countries. On the other hand, more than 2 milhon tons of asbestos are extracted and consumed globally every year. A uniform global hazardous substances pohcy evidently does not exist yet. 

Innovation drivers Artificial mineral fibres were included in Annexe V of the German Ordinance on Hazardous Substances in 1998. In 2000 biopersistent mineral fibres were banned from use in constraction. These regulations, together with the in some cases public discussion of fibres, also provided impulses for substitution by biosolnble fibre materials in silencers. 

Detection of toxicity, mutagenicity, or pathogenicity by conventional methods or by fast biotechnological tests. Production, trade, or use of specific products containing nonbiodegradable hazardous substances may be banned based on biotechnological tests of biodegradability and toxicity. 

FDA. 1970. Food and Drug Administration. Part 191-Hazardous substances definitions and procedural and interpretive regulations. Carbon tetrachloride findings of fact and conclusions and final order regarding classification as banned hazardous substance. Federal Register. 35 13198-13205. 

A general class of exempt waste, which could be regulated as nonhazardous material, would be established. Development of an exempt class of waste that contains low levels of hazardous substances has been controversial and currently is banned by law in the case of radioactive waste. Some radioactive and hazardous chemical wastes have been exempted on a case-by-case basis, but general principles for exempting radioactive or hazardous chemical wastes have not been established. In spite of these difficulties, however, a meaningful risk-based waste classification system must include a general class of exempt waste. 

Import, export, manufacture, and possession of hazardous substances have been controlled under the Hazardous Substances Act, 1992. However, banning of the import or severely restricted uses of chemicals had been notified in the Ministerial Notifications since 1977. Two insecticides, namely chlordimeform and leptophos were the first two of the banned chemicals in 1977. According to the Act, Ministerial Notifications of the Ministry of Industry were issued to harming of nine specified POPs pesticides usage since 1980 (Table 10.4). Only seven specified POPs pesticides were imported and widely used in Thailand, namely aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and toxaphene, whereas hexachlorobenzene and mirex have never been imported. Although... 

The environmental impact of waste disposal and of chemical use in Europe has led to three legislative actions that, in today s global economy, greatly affect flame-retardant use and research. These actions go by the acronyms of RoHS (Reduction of Hazardous Substances), WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), and REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemical substances). These actions are discussed in detail in Chapter 22, but need to be mentioned here as they are clear examples of how changing regulations affect flame-retardant use, selection, and new fire-safety developments. The first one, RoHS, refers to how new items are manufactured, and specifically bans chemicals and elements of environmental and toxicological concern in Europe. One fall-out item of RoHS is the move from a lead-based solder on circuit... 

REACH will oblige producers to register all chemical substances produced in or imported into the EU, above a total quantity of 1 tonne per year. Authorisation will be required for certain hazardous substances. The most dangerous substances will either be banned or progressively substituted by safer alternatives. REACH should ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment as well as the free movement of substances, on their own, in preparations, or in articles, while enhancing competitiveness and innovation. It should also promote the development of alternative methods for the assessment of hazards of substances in order to avoid unnecessary testing on animals. 

In the case of green chemistry, and more especially chemical substitution, a number of policy instruments are relevant. The traditional approach is to ban certain toxic chemicals in order to induce substitution efforts. Such bans are usually preceded by examples of successful substitutions, as it is controversial to ban chemicals when no alternatives exist at reasonable cost. Otherwise, industry is often granted generous phase-in periods, in order to develop substitutes. A third way is to grant derogations when it is hard or very costly to develop substitutes. The latter approach has been applied in the context of the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (Directive 2002/95/EC), which bans six substances in electrical and electronic products. A slightly less interventionist approach is to put restrictions on uses of certain chemicals. Other administrative approaches include the ban of chemicals, or restrictions in use, in individual operations when these apply for permits. 

The Helsinki Convention on the Rrotection of Baltic Sea (European Union Council Decisions 94/156/EC, and 94/157/EC 21 February 1994) is aimed at reducing pollution in the Baltic Sea area. The Fatties to the Convention undertake to ban the use of a series of hazardous substances. 

The adverse health effects of plastics containing phthalates has prompted the EU to ban DBP, BBP, DEHP, DOP, DINP, and DIDP in baby toys that may be introduced into the mouths of children under three years.In addition, several proposals for the prohibition of DEHP use in medical materials have been made. In 1998, the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic established the objective of eliminating the emissions and release of all hazardous substances into the environment by 2020, including DBP and DEHP in the list of chemicals for priority action. The EU has also included DEHP in the list of 33 substances of... 

Under unusual circumstances, the FHSA provides for the outright banning of certain articles that qualify as hazardous substances under the Act s criteria. 

C.F.R. 1500.17 enumerates the products that the Commission has determined to be banned hazardous substances under Section 2(q)(l)(B) of the Act. Among these products are mixtures containing carbon tetrachloride, paints containing certain quantities of lead, garments containing asbestos, and self-pressurized products containing vinyl chloride monomer. 

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