Restriction of Hazardous Substances

The second possibility is the European waste legislation, which includes the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS). The RoHS Directive is closely linked with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) which sets collection, recycling, and recovery targets for electrical goods and is part of a legislative initiative to solve the problem of toxic e-waste. 

China, in addition to ratifying the Basel Convention, has a 2002 law banning hazardous waste imports. In 2005, the Management Measure for the Prevention of Pollution from Electronic Products became effective. It has been referred to as China s RoHS, specifying limits on materials similar to the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive. A new waste disposal law enacted in 2009, Regulations for the Administration of the Recovery and Disposal of Electric and... 

In 2003, the European WEEE-Directive 2002/96/EG [5] was implemented to reduce the amount of electronic waste and foster reuse, recovery and recycling of electric and electronic equipment. Closely connected to this, the restriction of hazardous substances Directive 2002/95/EG [6] (RoHS) was adopted by the EC in 2003 with the aim to restrict the use of hazardous substances in the manufacture of electric and electronic products. 

Some companies are already using substitution as a means of eliminating hazardous chemicals from their businesses, (see Annex I) A variety of reasons exist for why some companies are searching for safer substitutes and these include regulatory drivers (such as the recent Directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances), increased public awareness, demands from downstream users or clients, worker protection, liability issues, competitive advantage and company ethics. However, there are also barriers and the development and adoption of safer substitutes is happening only slowly, in a piecemeal fashion and in some sectors not at all. 

The mandate within the Directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) to phase out a range of hazardous materials in new electrical and electronic products by 2006, has... 

RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) Directive Restricts the use of cerfain dangerous subsfances in elecfrical and elecfronic equipmenf. 

An example of using the LCA approach for informed substitution is the DfE LCA for tin-lead and promising lead-free solder alternatives for electronics. The alternatives assessment was conducted at the request of the electronics industry, as it prepared for compliance with the European Union (EU) Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, which includes a phase-out of the use of lead in electronic products. With estimates of worldwide tin-lead solder use at over 176 million lb (80 million kg) per... 

In the case of green chemistry, and more especially chemical substitution, a number of policy instruments are relevant. The traditional approach is to ban certain toxic chemicals in order to induce substitution efforts. Such bans are usually preceded by examples of successful substitutions, as it is controversial to ban chemicals when no alternatives exist at reasonable cost. Otherwise, industry is often granted generous phase-in periods, in order to develop substitutes. A third way is to grant derogations when it is hard or very costly to develop substitutes. The latter approach has been applied in the context of the EU Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive (Directive 2002/95/EC), which bans six substances in electrical and electronic products. A slightly less interventionist approach is to put restrictions on uses of certain chemicals. Other administrative approaches include the ban of chemicals, or restrictions in use, in individual operations when these apply for permits. 

For example, the electronics industry was adamant that the material phase-outs stipulated within the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive for new electrical and electronic equipment must apply equally across Europe. In a joint letter to the Commission sent by leading producers, they urged a clear legal basis for the RoHS directive, so as to provide a high level of protection for citizens without creating uncertainty for business and undermining the Single Market (EC, 2001). 

Restrictions for lead are included in the EU Directive on Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment [144] and EU Directive on Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive [145], the EU End-of-Life-Vehicle [146] Directive. 

The European Union has taken the lead in restricting the use of some hazardous materials in the manufacture of electrical and electronic hardware. The program, referred to as Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), applies to all electrical and electronic products produced in Europe and products imported from other countries, thus has very broad application. The regulations put into force on July 1, 2006, apply to lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium (Cr ), poly-brominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). The RoHS guideline document specifies 0.1% or 1,000 ppm as the maximum amount permitted for lead, mercury, Cr" " , PBB, and PBDE and 0.01% or 100 ppm for cadmium. The document also describes guidelines for sample preparation and analyses of the restricted materials. 

Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), www.rohs.gov.uk. Accessed 2.09.10. 

Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS). RoHS regulations are focused on avoiding and reducing the use of heavy metals and other hazardous substances that could discourage or make complex the recovery of the product at EOU. 

Another MS/MS application for ion trap mass spectrometry involves the analysis of polybrominated flame retardants (PBDEs). As a result of regulations promulgated during the past flve years, such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) [61] and other similar programs, there has been a determined effort to decrease the use of brominated flame retardants in the manufacture of consumer products. The chemical structure for a typical PBDE is illustrated in Eigure 15.42. 

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) is the shortened form for Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. It was adopted by the European Union in February 2003 [9]. In July 2006, the RoHS 1 directive took effect and was required to be enforced in each member state [10]. Each member state used the directive as a guide to establish its own enforcement and implementatiOTi policies. This directive restricts (with some exceptions) the use of certain hazardous materials in the manufacturing of various types of electronic and electrical equipment The hazardous materials include lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), [10]. 

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive applies to items such as household appliances, IT and telecommunications equipment, electrical tools, medical devices, monitoring and control instruments, toys, and lighting equipment. 

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) restricts (with some exceptions) the use of certain hazardous materials in the manufacturing of various types of electronic and electrical equipment. These hazardous materials include lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), hexavalent chromium (Cr " ), polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). 

Implementation of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) Directive 2011/65/EU Consultation, by the Department for Business Innovation Skills (2012). http //product-industries-research.hktdc.com/business-news/ article/Electronics-Electricals/BIS-Consultation-on-UK-Implementation-of-the-Recast-RoHS-Directive-2011-65-EU/psls/en/l/lX3VBFM5/lX07WHST.htm... 

Under the early draft, EU countries shall ensure that the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, PBB, and PBDEs (polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) in electrical and electronic equipment is substituted on 1 January 2008. These have now become the subject of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive (RoHS). Additionally the Commission was proposing that all plastics containing BFRs be separated out from electrical and electronic equipment before recycling or disposal. 

For display enclosures, WEEE/RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substance) standards have driven blend formulations to avoid flame retardants that contain chlorine and/or bromine. Given the move toward flat panel displays, the overall amount of plastic components has decreased relative to CRTs for similar sized displays. However, as the size of the average display increased, so does the opportunity for polymer blends in bezels, stands, and display backs. 

RoHS Directive, The Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, this Directive 2002/95/EC establishes standards and limits for the hazardous material content in electronic and electrical equipment. The Directive went into effect on February 13, 2003. It is scheduled to become European national law by August 13,2004 for be in force for products by July 1, 2006. Banned or restricted substances include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, certain brominated flame retardants (PBBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). 

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