Emission fugitive

Mining emissions result from the liberation of stored gas during the breakage of coal, and the surrounding strata, during mining operations. 

Emissions from the low temperature oxidation of coal arise because once coal is exposed to oxygen in air, the coal oxidizes to produce carbon dioxide. However, the rate of formation of CO2 by this process is low. 

On occasion, when the heat produced by low temperature oxidation is trapped, the temperature rises and an active fire may result spontaneous combustion of coal) and is an extreme case of coal oxidation. Spontaneous combustion is characterized by rapid reactions, sometimes visible flames and rapid carbon dioxide formation, and may be natural or anthropogenic. 

Health and Safety Executive, The Explosion and Fire at Chenistar Ltd., 6 September 1981, Her Majesty s Stationery Office, London, 

British Occupational Hygiene Society, Fugitive Emissions of Vapours from Process Equipment, Report in Science Reviews, Northwood, UK, 1984. 

Coordinating Construction/Maintenance Plans with Facility Manager May Deter Unexpected Problems and Accidents, Safety Note DOE/EH-0127, U.S. Dept, of Energy, Washington, D.C., Apr. 1990. 

Lessons From Disaster How Organizations Have No Memory and Accidents Recur, co-published by Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, UK, and Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 1993, Sections 2.2 and 8.10. 

Matusz and D. L. Sadler, A Comprehensive Program for Preventing Cyclohexane Oxidation Process Piping Failures, Paper presented at AIChE Loss Prevention Symposium, Houston, Texas, Mar./Apr. 1993. 

---

In preliminary process design, the primary consideration is contact by inhalation. This happens either through accidental release of toxic material to the atmosphere or the fugitive emissions caused by slow leakage from pipe flanges, valve glands, and pump and compressor seals. Tank filling causes emissions when the rise in liquid level causes vapor in the tank to be released to the atmosphere. 

Material transfer requires pipework, valves, pumps, and compressors. Fugitive emissions occur from pipe flanges, valve glands, and pump and compressor seals. 

Reduce losses from fugitive emissions and tank breathing as discussed under safety in Chap. 9. 

Reducing losses from fugitive emissions and tank breathing. 

Chemical Manufacturers Association, Improving Air Quality Guidance for Estimating Fugitive Emissions from Equipment, 2nd ed., CMA, Washington, D.C., 1989. Chemical Manufacturers Association, Responsible Care, Employee Health and Safety Code of Management Practices, CMA, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

Potential for releasing process mateiials to the environment. Fugitive emissions are receiving ever increasing attention. Exposure considerations, both immediate and long term, for maintenance personnel are especially important when the process fluid is either corrosive or toxic. 

There are four (4) major types of pumps (I) positive displacement, (2) dynamic (kinetic), (3) lift, and (4) electromagnetic. Piston pumps are positive displacement pumps. The most common centrifugal pumps are of dynamic type ancient bucket-type pumps are lift pumps and electromagnetic pumps use electromagnetic force and are common in modern reactors. Canned pumps are also becoming popular in the petrochemical industiy because of the drive to minimize fugitive emissions. Figure 10-24 shows pump classification ... 

Fugitive Emissions Emissions of material from process equipment due to leakage. 

Provide a list of all air pollution control devices and identify point and fugitive emission air pollution sources. 

Provide annual estimates of all point and fugitive emission sources (tons per year) of hazardous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals and fossil fuel products (for example, NOx and SOx) that are released to the environment. 

To obtain the benefits of this seal, it is necessary to install a gauge indicating the actual seal chamber pressure. Sensors and transmitters can be used to monitor and act on a pressure change. One of the two seals can fail without product loss or fugitive emissions. This seal would be connected to a pumping unit seen later in this chapter. 

Oil- or gas-fired boilers >45 metric tons/day Kiln and clinker cooler Fugitive emission points Process equipment Process equipment Dryers, etc/... 

Most petrochemical processes are essentially enclosed and normally vent only a small amount of fugitive emissions. However, the petrochemical processes that use air-oxidation-type reactions normally vent large, continuous amounts of gaseous emissions to the atmosphere (10). Six major petrochemical processes employ reactions using air oxidation. Table 30-5 lists the atmospheric emissions from these processes along with applicable control measures. 

The preparation of soils for crops, planting, and tilling raises dust as a fugitive emission. Such operations are shll exempt from air pollution regulations in most parts of the world. The application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides is also exempt from air pollution regulations, but other regulations may cover the drift of these materials or runoff into surface waters. This is particularly true of the materials are hazardous or toxic. 

Particulate matter emissions are the primary concern with cement manufacture. Fugitive emissions and uncontrolled kiln emissions are shown in Table 30-23. 

Visual assesssment of fugitive emissions from material sources and smoke from flares 22... 

Urea Plants - In urea plants, wet scrubbers or fabrie filters are used to control fugitive emissions from prilling towers fabric filters are used to eontrol dust emissions from bagging operations. These equipment are an integral part of the operations, to retain product. New urea plants should achieve levels of particulate matter in air emissions of less than 0.5 kg/t of product for both urea and ammonia. 

The use suction hoods to collect vapors and other fugitive emissions. 

Baghouses are preferred over venturi scrubbers for controlling particulate matter emissions from loading and pushing operations because of the higher removal efficiencies. ESPs are effective for final tar removal from coke oven gas. Stack air emissions should be monitored continuously for particulate matter. Alternatively, opacity measurements of stack gases can suffice. Fugitive emissions should be monitored annually for VOCs. 

Air emissions from coking operations include the process heater flue gas emissions, fugitive emissions, and emissions that may arise from the removal of the coke from the coke drum. The injected steam is condensed and the remaining vapors are typically flared. Wastewater is generated from the coke removal and cooling operations and from the steam injection. In addition, the removal of coke from the drum can release particulate emissions and any remaining hydrocarbons to the atmosphere. 

---