Bulk shipment

DeodoriZation. Removal of volatile odorous material and residual fatty acids is the final step ki ok processkig prior to packagkig or filling for bulk shipment (28). The ok is heated to 230—260°C under vacuum. Steam is passed through the ok to assist ki carrying over the volatile material. 

Specifications, Shipping, and Analysis. Hydrogen fluoride is shipped in bulk in tank cars (specification 112S400W) and tank tmcks (specification MC312). A small volume of overseas business is shipped in ISO tanks. Bulk shipments are made of anhydrous HF as well as 70% aqueous solutions. A small amount of aqueous solution may be shipped as 50%. Cars and tmcks used for anhydrous HF transport are of carbon steel constmction. It is possible to ship 70% aqueous in steel from a corrosion standpoint however, mbber lining is commonly used to eliminate iron pickup, which is detrimental to product quaUty in a number of appHcations. Hydrogen fluoride of less than 60% strength must always be shipped in lined containers. 

MAA and EAA are stable Hquids, and are shipped in nonretumable 208-L (55-gal) polyethylene-lined dmms. For bulk shipments, insulated stainless steel tank containers and tmcks provide secure protection. 2-Acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate is a Hquid stabili2ed with radical inhibitors such as BHT [128-37-0] and has a shelf life of approximately three months. Shipment is in 60- or 208-L polyethylene-lined dmms. Acetoacetaryhdes are nicely crystalline, stable soHds and are shipped in 208-L dmms with polyethylene liners. 

Economic Aspects. Dimethyl and diethyl malonates are produced as shown in Table 3. Total capacity is estimated to be about 12,000 t/yr. Furthermore, producers are also reported in the People s RepubHc of China and in Romania. In bulk shipments, both malonates are available at ca 6/kg (1993). 

Methyl cyanoacetate and ethyl cyanoacetate are produced by Lonza ia Switzerland and Hbls ia the United States, as well as Juzen and Tateyama ia Japan. The total production capacity is estimated to be ia the range of 10,000 metric tons per year. The market price for both esters ia bulk shipments was around 6/kg ia 1993. 

Production statistics on alkanolamines are not available, but they are sold in thousand-ton quantities and are available for bulk shipment except for DMAMP, AB, TRIS AMINO, and AMPD (the latter two being crystalline soHds). TRIS AMINO concentrate is available in bulk. AMPD is manufactured only in low volumes to meet limited demand in certain specialized uses. Similarly, 2-AB is manufactured only to meet demand for one end use. 

Dimethjlphenol (2,6-xylenol) is produced by the gas phase alkylation of phenol with methanol using modified alumina catalysis. The cmde product contains 2-methylphenol, 2,6-dimethylphenol, a minor amount of 2,4-dimethylphenol, and a mixture of trimethylphenols. The 2,6-dimethylphenol is purified by fractional distillation. The mixture of di- and trimethylphenols is sold as cresyHc acid for use as a solvent. 2,6-Dimethylphenol [576-26-1] is available in 55-gal dmms (208-L) and in bulk shipments in tank wagons and railcars. 

Liquid sodium alumiaate is available ia steel drums having an approximate capacity of 210 L and bulk shipments are available ia either tank tmcks or railroad tank cars. The density of Hquid sodium alumiaate is usually from 1450 to 1510 kg/m. SoHd products are available ia moisture-proof paper bags or fiber drums containing approximately 23 and 150 kg, respectively. 

Shipping of aluminum hydroxide powders is usually in paper bags of 10 to 25 kg size. Bulk shipment by road or rail wagons is also common. Aluminum hydroxides are not hygroscopic, but could be dusty and precautions against dust inhalation should be taken during handling. 

Liquid polyalurninum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for constmction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic mbber-lined steel, corrosion resistant fiber glass reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG). Suitable shipping containers include mbber-lined tank tmcks and rail cars for bulk shipment and plastic-lined or aH-plastic dmms and tote bins for smaller quantities. Except for aluminum chlorohydrates, PAG products are shipped as hazardous substances because of their acidity. 

Fatty amine products are normally shipped in 55-gal (208 L), lined and unlined, steel dmms or in tank cars or tank tmcks for bulk shipments. High melting amines can be flaked and shipped in cardboard cartons or paper bags. The amines are corrosive to skin and eyes. Protective splash goggles and gloves should be worn when handling these materials. 

Shipment and Storage. 2-Pyrrohdinone is available in steel dmms and in aluminum or stainless-steel tank cars and tank trailers. Because of its high freezing point, bulk shipments are in tanks with heating coils. Heating with hot water rather than steam avoids product discoloration. Steel (qv), stainless steel, and aluminum are satisfactory materials for storage containers. Because 2-pyrrohdinone is hygroscopic, it must be protected from atmospheric moisture. 

Sodium borobydride is available as a 12% solution in caustic soda and in soHd form either as powder or pellets (3). The predominant form produced is the solution, the DOT shipping classification for which is corrosive Hquid. Forms of packaging are 18.9-L pails, 208.2-L dmms, and either tank tmck or tank car for bulk shipments. 1991 pricing for the solution form was 40.34/kg of borobydride contained. SoHd sodium borobydride, a white powder packaged in polyethylene bags in metal containers, was priced at 48.39/kg. 

Originally confined to the shipment of crude raw materials and fuels, the term transportation of bulk sohds now apphes also to manufactured produc ts, which often become raw materials for other industries. In recent years, increasing tonnages of highly processed, finished chemical products have moved to customers in large bulk units. A useful definition of a bulk shipment is any unit greater than 2000 kg (4000 lb) or 2 m (70 fF). The containers available range from small portable hoppers of 2-m (70-fF) capacity to railroad cars of 255-m (9000-fF) capacity. 

Consumer products often are delivered in small shipments to a large number of customers. They also involve packaging in small attractive containers that decrease the amount of product per unit volume and add mass. Since low shipping rates apply only to large bulk shipments going to a single destination, it is often desirable to place production of consumer products near the markets. 

Polystyrene is used in furniture, packaging, appliances, automobiles, construction, radios, televisions, toys, houseware items, and luggage. Statistics on the states producing the largest number of plastic products are given in Table 2E4. This indicates that we can expect to have many customers and that most of these will be small companies. The main means for shipping will therefore be by truck and train, and many of these shipments will be small quantities. It therefore would be wise to locate as near as possible to customers. (The styrene can be obtained in large bulk shipments and over 95% is converted into a salable polystyrene.) Note that the... 

It is presumed that the product(s) to be produced is (are) known. The size of the containers it will be shipped in depends on the size of the expected orders, the facilities the customer has for handling the materials, and the hazardous classification of the material. Material shipped in bulk quantity is cheaper than packaged items, but it requires the customer to have more elaborate unloading and storage facilities. Bulk shipping is only used when large amounts are purchased at one time. Union Carbide will not ship in bulk less than 40,000 lb (18,000 kg) of material. Table 3-2 gives a summary of the maximum bulk shipments possible by various carriers. 

The largest bulk shipment will be in a railroad hopper car that has a capacity of 5,700 ft1 2 3 4 5 (202,000 lb of P.S).42 One tank 20% larger than this will be constructed for each product and will be positioned above the railroad track. 

Pneumatic Conveying from the Bulk Storage Hoppers (D-601) to the Packaging Storage Hoppers (D-611) and the Final Bulk Shipment Hoppers (D-614)... 

Since the packaging units will only operate about 35 horns a week, the system must be able to handle at least 0.60 (168 hr/35 hr) x 18,050 = 52,000 lb/hr. Assume it must handle 70,000 lb/hr. This rate will also allow the bulk shipment hoppers to be filled in 3 hr, which seems reasonable. The largest pressure drop will occur in transferring material to the railroad storage hoppers. The horizontal length will be a maximum of 500 ft and the vertical distance 100 ft. A pressure system will be used. The results of the calculations for blowers B-605 and B-606 are LHP = 45 BHP = 125 and the power = 26.4 kw. 

---