Linings on Steel

Solid sheet linings can also be applied either as an adhesive-bonded lining or a loose-fitting lining. Adhesive-bonded sheet linings on steel substrates consist of fabric backed sheets bonded to steel vessel walls with neoprene or epoxy based adhesive. Linings may be applied in the field or in the shop. Joints are heat welded using a rod of the same polymer as the sheets. 

In the case of cemented materials, such as, for example, the cement mortar linings on steel and cast iron pipes, according to [9] the following data must be known ... 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

FIG. 10-184 Cost of shop-fabricated tanks in mid-1980 with V4-in walls. Multiplying factors on carbon steel costs for other materials are carbon steel, 1.0 mbber-lined carbon steel, 1.5 alnminnm, 1.6 glass-lined carbon steel, 4.5 and fiber-reinforced plastic, 0.75 to 1.5. Multiplying factors on type 316 stainless-steel costs for other materials are 316 stainless steel, 1.0 Monel, 2.0 Inconel, 2.0 nickel, 2.0 titanium, 3.2 and Hastelloy C, 3.8. Multiplying factors for wall thicknesses different from V4 in are ... 

Concrete nuclear reactor vessels, of the order of magnitude of 15-m (50-ft) inside diameter and length, have inner linings of steel which confine the pressure. After fabrication of the liner, the tubes for the cables or wires are put in place and the concrete is poured. High-strength reinforcing steel is used. Because there are thousands of reinforcing tendons in the concrete vessel, there is a statistical factor of safety. The failure of 1 or even 10 tendons would have little effec t on the overall structure. 

The railway lines on bridges are often electrically connected with steel or reinforced steel structures which usually have a very low grounding resistance. In new installations, an electrical separation of the rails from the bridge structure is required according to the grounding resistance of the structure and the type of rail bed. Independent of this, pipelines and metal sheathing of cables are always electrically separated from the structure in order to exclude direct transmission of stray current from the rails in these conductors. 

The potential of LA-based techniques for depth profiling of coated and multilayer samples have been exemplified in recent publications. The depth profiling of the zinc-coated steels by LIBS has been demonstrated [4.242]. An XeCl excimer laser with 28 ns pulse duration and variable pulse energy was used for ablation. The emission of the laser plume was monitored by use of a Czerny-Turner grating spectrometer with a CCD two-dimensional detector. The dependence of the intensities of the Zn and Fe lines on the number of laser shots applied to the same spot was measured and the depth profile of Zn coating was constructed by using the estimated ablation rate per laser shot. To obtain the true Zn-Fe profile the measured intensities of both analytes were normalized to the sum of the line intensities. The LIBS profile thus obtained correlated very well with the GD-OES profile of the same sample. Both profiles are shown in Fig. 4.40. The ablation rate of approximately 8 nm shot ... 

Fig. 13.6 Relation between coating life and weight for metal coatings on steel exposed at Sheffield. The line for aluminium has been amended and drawn as a curve (after Fig. 7 of Special Report No. 66 of the Iron and Steel Institute)...

General rules for corrosion tests applicable to storage conditions Filiform corrosion test on steel Liquefied petroleum gases-corrosiveness to copper. Copper strip test Road vehicles-brake linings-resistance to water, saline solution, oil and brake fluid-test procedure... 

The relative positions of the lines on the photographs were determined with use of a steel millimeter scale. The intensities of the lines on the NaZn13 photographs were determined visually, by the multiple-film technique, with the use of no external standards. 

The reactor used for the aluminothermic reduction of niobium pentoxide is shown schematically in Figure 4.17 (A). It is a steel pipe, lined on the inside with alumina and provided with a pipe cap. The charge, consisting of stoichiometric amounts of niobium pentoxide and aluminum powder, is blended and loaded in the lined pipe, and covered with alumina. The cap is closed and the reaction initiated by placing the loaded bomb in a gas-fired furnace, preheated to 800 °C, and by raising the temperature of the furnace to 1100 °C. 

Instead of a closed-bomb reactor, an open reactor (shown in Figure 4.17 B) has also been used for this aluminothermic reduction. The mild steel reactor is lined on the inside with calcined magnesia. An arrangement is made to initiate the reaction in the center of the... 

Iodoethanes are separated on a glass-lined, stainless-steel column (2mx3.2mm o.d.) packed with 10% OV-101 on Chromosorb W HP (150— 190m), using flow-rates of 90ml min-1 for the carrier gas (N ) and 35 and 350ml min-1 for H and air, respectively, for the flame-ionisation detector. Set the injection port, detector and column temperatures at 140, 130 and 60°C, respectively. 

Fig. 10.13 Fraction of hematite particles deposited on steel as a function of pH at 25°C (solid line). For each point 50 cm of the hematite sol (dmodai = 170 nm and 10 particles cm ) was passed through the bed at a flow rate of one cm min Dashed lines represent the electrophoretic mobilities of the hematite and of the steel particles (Matijevic, 1980, with permission).

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