Aluminum chlorohydrate

Aluminum chloride hydroxide [1327-41 -9] [10284-64-7], AlQ(OH)2 [14215-15-7], AlQ2(OH), products, commonly known as polyaluminum chlorides (PAG), are used for a wide variety of industrial appHcations. Other names for PAG are basic aluminum chloride, polybasic aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxychloride, aluminum oxychloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate. The presence of polymeric, aluminum-containing cations, the distribution of which can differ gready, typifies PAG products. Although the formation of polynuclear aluminum species in solution has been studied for over a century, there is stiU much controversy concerning aluminum polymerization reactions and the resulting product compositions. 

Aluminum chlorohydrate [12359-72-7] Al2(OH) Gl 2H20 is a PAG product of specific composition, having r = 2.5. Aluminum chlorohydrate is used in antiperspirants regulated by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration (FDA). Solutions sold for FDA-approved use are colorless in appearance, have 23—24% Al as AI2O2, and low levels of iron (<50 ppm), sulfate (<0.025 %), metals (Ga, Mg, Na <10 ppm), and heavy metals (as Pb <10 ppm). The pH of these solutions at 25°G is about 3.8—4.0. Typically, solutions at 25°G have specific gravities from 1.33 to 1.35 and viscosities from 40 to 60 mPa-s(=cps). Aluminum chlorohydrate [12042-91 -0] is also available in dry form with different particle-size distributions. 

Aluminum Ghlorohydrate. A common process for the manufacture of aluminum chlorohydrate involves the addition of metallic Al to aluminum chloride... 

Liquid polyalurninum chloride is acidic and corrosive to common metals. Suitable materials for constmction of storage and handling facilities include synthetic mbber-lined steel, corrosion resistant fiber glass reinforced plastics (FRP), ceramics, tetrafluoroethylene polymer (PTFE), poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF), polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVG). Suitable shipping containers include mbber-lined tank tmcks and rail cars for bulk shipment and plastic-lined or aH-plastic dmms and tote bins for smaller quantities. Except for aluminum chlorohydrates, PAG products are shipped as hazardous substances because of their acidity. 

Polyalurninum chloride products used in the treatment of potable (drinking) water must be approved by the National Sanitation Eoundation (NSE). NSE certification has superseded EPA approval. Aluminum chlorohydrate for topical use as an antiperspirant is regulated by PDA. 

Antiperspirants. Aluminum chlorohydrate, widely used as an antiperspirant (32), came into usage in the early 1940s (2). The mechanism for antiperspirant activity is the formation of an obstmctive aluminum hydroxide plug within the sweat gland duct (17). When aluminum chlorohydrate at body temperature is simultaneously diluted with sweat and exposed to the higher pH on the skin, insoluble aluminum hydroxide rapidly forms. 

A combination of aluminum chlorohydrate and a polyamine, such as poly (diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride), in aqueous solution is effective at elevated temperatures for an oil-in-water emulsion [787]. 

Aluminum chloride hydroxide, as a flocculating agent, 77 626 Aluminum chlorohydrate... 

Al203-montmorillonite complexes were prepared according to the procedure described by Sterte and Otterstedt (19). The samples used in this study were prepared from untreated aluminum chlorohydrate and from aluminum chlorohydrate hydro thermally treated at 120° and l O C (catalyst designations Ml, M2 and M3). The catalysts were air dried and ground in a ball mill. The fraction 0-100 microns was separated and steamed in a muffle furnace at 750°C for 18 hrs. As a reference, a sample containing 20 % REY in a kaolin-binder matrix was prepared and treated in the same manner (catalyst M ). 

Aluminum chlorohydrate is the active ingredient in many antiperspirants and deodorants (Budavari et al. 1989 Hawley 1977 Sax and Lewis 1987). 

ACH (2) [Aluminum ChloroHydrate] This is the common name for some types of basic aluminum chloride, but the name has also been used to designate the process by which such a product is made. Several processes, some of which are proprietary, are used to make the several commercial... 

Pillaring solutions. Conventional Al203-pillared montmorillonite and interstratified illite/montmorillonites were prepared using an aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) solution having an Al-concentration of 0.25 M and an OH/Al-ratio of 2.5, prepared by dilution of a commercial ACH-solution (Locron L, Hoechst). The solution was aged for 20 hr. after dilution, prior to use for preparation of pillared products. 

Vaughan et al. (2) found that, due to further polymerization of the pillaring cations, hydrothermal treatment of the aluminum chlorohydrate solution (reflux conditions) used in the preparation of the pillared smectites resulted in a material with improved hydrothermal stability. Tokarz and Shabtai (H) conducted a similar study using base hydrolyzed AlCl3-solutions. They found that refluxing of the solutions for 6- 8 hr. was sufficient to produce pillared smectites with improved thermal stability and higher porosity as compared with those prepared from solutions aged at room temperature for two weeks. 

Feng TL, Gurian PL, Healy MD, Barron AR (1990) Aluminum citrate isolation and stractural characterization of a stable trinuclear complex. Inorg Chem 29 408-411 Fitzgerald JJ, Rosenberg AH (1999) Chemistry of aluminum chlorohydrate and activated aluminum chlorohydrate. In Antiperspirants and Deodorants, 2nd edition. Laden K (ed) Marcel Dekker, New York, p 83-136... 

A simple deodorant consists of an antibacterial agent in a cream base. Antiperspirant ingredients ( aluminum salts ) such as aluminum chlorohydrate, activated aluminum chlorohydrates, and aluminum-zirconium-glycine (AZG) complexes work by forming superficial plugs in the sweat ducts, reducing the flow of perspiration. Antiperspirants are available in four product types cream, liquid, powder, or stick. They usually include aluminum salts, titanium dioxide, oxyquinoline sulfate, zirconium salt, alcohol, and antibacterial agents. Some liquid forms are propellant dispensed (aerosols). Waxes, soap, and humectants may be present in minor proportion in stick forms. Roll-on types may be added with... 

The compounds that have been identified as xenoestrogens vary widely in chemical nature. Many are highly lipophilic and slowly metabolized (TCDD, chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides). Others are less lipophilic and more labile (phthalates) and some are hydrophilic (methyl paraben, aluminum chloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate). It is known that lipophilic chemicals are more readily absorbed through the skin than hydrophilic chemicals, but as has been pointed out repeatedly in this book, lipophiles facilitate the absorption of hydrophiles and contribute to unexplained mixture effects. Table 22.3 lists some of the known xenoestrogens, types of products they are used in, and their K)w values. 

UV blocking agents (PABA) phenylene diamine aluminum chlorohydrate FDC organic dyes talc (magnesium silicate) essential oils inorganic pigments chlorophyllins nitrocellulose lacquers steroid hormones... 

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