Hazardous substances secondary

In order to regulate USTs storing hazardous substances and to provide a second means of containing the substance should the tank fail, U.S. EPA revised Subtitle J of the RCRA, which regulates secondary containment systems. This secondary containment system would have the following features ... 

Experiments in relatively permeable aquifers (i.e., sand) indicate that between 6 and 10 pore volume flushes with clean water will reduce the highly soluble, nonatten-uated salt contamination to a relatively acceptable concentration. This is usually an effective approach because the secondary drinking water standard for chloride is a relatively high value of 250 ppm. This concentration was established because it is the threshold, where one can taste the salt, not because the salt is a hazardous substance. 

Incineration has been used extensively in hospitals for disposal of hospital wastes containing infectious and/or hazardous substances. Most hospital incinerators (over 80%), however, are outdated or poorly designed. Modem incineration technology, however, is available for complete destmction of organic hazardous and infectious wastes. In addition, adequate air pollution control facilities, such as scmbbers, secondary combustion chambers, stacks, and so on, are needed to prevent acid gas, dioxin, and metals from being discharged from the incinerators. 

Secondary wastes are generated from the collection, treatment, incineration, or disposal of hazardous wastes, such as sludges, sediments, effluents, leachates, and air emissions. These secondary wastes may also contain hazardous substances and must be treated or disposed of properly to prevent secondary pollution of underground water, surface water, soil, or air. 

Necessity to have low volume or absence of secondary hazardous substances produced during biotechnological treatment ... 

One difference between these systems and the biological treatment of nonhazardous wastewater is that the exhaust air may contain volatile hazardous substances or intermediate biodegradation products. Therefore, the air must be treated as secondary hazardous wastes by physical, chemical, physico-chemical, or biological methods. Other secondary hazardous wastes may include the biomass of microorganisms that may accumulate volatile hazardous substances or intermediate products of their biodegradation. This hazardous liquid or semisolid waste must be properly treated, incinerated, or disposed. 

Hazardous substances may be protected from microbial attack by physical or chemical envelopes. These protective barriers must be destroyed mechanically or chemically to produce fine particles or waste suspensions to increase the surface area for microbial attachment and subsequent biodegradation. Another way to increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic substances is washing of waste or soil by water or a solution of surface-active substances (surfactants). The disadvantage of this technology is the production of secondary hazardous... 

Minimize Significantly reduce the quantity of hazardous material or energy in the system, or eliminate the hazard entirely if possible. It is necessary to use small quantities of hazardous substances or energy in (i) storage, (ii) intermediate storage, (iii) piping and (iv) process equipment, as discussed in the previous sections. The benefits are to reduce the consequence of incident (explosion, fire, toxic material release), and improve the effectiveness and feasibility of other protective systems (e.g. secondary containment, reactor dump or quench systems). Process intensification (see below) is also a way to reach this objective. 

This book is for facilities that produce hazardous substances, store them, or transfer them to and from transportation terminals Contents indude hazard controls lor processes and equipment, secondary containment, aboveground and underground tanks, material transfer, dust control, wastewater emissions, preventative practices, siting and layout, detection and warning systems, and volatile organic emissions... 

Physical decontamination of victims is the removal of hazardous substances from victims to prevent or reduce toxicity. Decontamination reduces the amoimt of toxic material to which the victim is exposed and also reduces the risk of secondary contamination (cross-contarnination) of rescuers and others at the scene or the hospital. 

When available, standard methods of sampling and analysis should be used. The International Standard Organisation (ISO), the Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN) and various national bodies have published several methods for determination of airborne contaminants. Primary sources are the compendia of methods recommended by the regulatory bodies, i.e. the UK, HSE the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The HSE has published Methods for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS) for over 70 specific substances (Health and Safety Executive 1981-95). OSHA and NIOSH have published manuals with more than 500 and 100 sampling and analytical methods respectively (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1994 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1985). Secondary sources are published literature references in, for example. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, the American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, or Analytical Chemistry. 

Batteries contain toxic and hazardous substances that must be properly disposed of. Furthermore, battery recycling allows recovering such precious metals as lithium and cobalt. Moreover, specialists predict that the request for lithium may overcome lithium production relatively soon, due to growing demand for lithium batteries. For this reason, the price of lithium might considerably increase and battery recycling may become a remarkable secondary lithium source [6]. As shown in Table 23.7, the price of Li2C03 is expected to grow remarkably in the future, at variance with the trend of metals used for positive electrodes. 

For these, where they are not to be consumed immediately, the secondary container should carry the brand name, trade name, code name or code number specified by the supplier of the hazardous substance, and the risk and safety phrases which apply to the hazardous substance. 

While priority should be given to preventing a loss of primary containment, adequate secondary and tertiary containment remains necessary for environmental protection and safety of people in the event of a loss of primary containment of hazardous substances. Tfie failure of secondary and tertiary containment at Buncefield contributed significantly to the failure to prevent a major accident to the environment (MATTE). 

On the other hand, public administration authorities preferences are based on socioenvi-ronmental aspect. The authorities primarily try to ensure maximum safety of population and environment during hazardous substances transportation, considering economic and technological possibilities of the carrier. There are secondary preferences like transport infrastructure security or ensuring transport smoothness. 

Replacement of the hazard-forming chemicals in mbber vulcanizates by using amine free substances or substances that contain primary or tertiary amines in place of secondary amines. 

There can be no objection to the ingestion of bulk substances for the purpose of supplementing low-residue modern diets. However, use of irritant purgatives or cathartics is not without hazards. Specifically, there is a risk of laxative dependence, i.e the inability to do without them. Chronic intake of irritant purgatives disrupts the water and electrolyte balance of the body and can thus cause symptoms of illness (e.g., cardiac arrhythmias secondary to hypokalemia). 

Traditional landfill presents several disadvantages since the space available for landfill has become scarce. In addition, municipal waste has to be transported over increasing distances with associated wastage of energy [3]. Leachates from unprepared landfills may contain hazardous levels of substances such as ammonium salts, heavy metals and organic chemical waste that may contaminate the air, soil and ground water [4] and thus may affect crops and secondary animals and man [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. 

This secondary type of explosion protection will be the main object throughout all the following chapters. It covers burnable substances like gases, vapours, mists as well as dusts, and usually refers to atmospheric air as the second component forming a hazardous atmosphere. Atmospheric conditions are defined as total pressures from 8 104Pa (0.8 bar) to 1.1 105Pa... 

Always use a secondary container during the transport of hazardous or highly odorous chemical substances and on an elevator. 

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