B cell

Biopharmaceuticals in Plants Toward the Next Century of Medicine 

Macrophage m0 Derived from monocytes, these highly phagocytic cells engulf and digest pathogens 

Natural killer T cell NKTcell Subset of T cells, upon activation rapidly release large quantities of cytokines 

Cytokine None Cellular-signaling molecules, glycoproteins that are secreted by various immune cells 

Chemokine None Small proteins, subset of cytokines 

Keywords Antibodies B cells Effector memory T cells Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) Immune privileged Regulatory T cells Stat4 Stat6 T-Bet 

As of today, the conhol of immune reactions in the brain attributed mostly to the specific cell membrane-bound molecules, soluble factors and brain-associated immune deviation (BRAID) reviewed by (Niederkom, 2006). 

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Antibodies secreted by B cells bind to foreign material (antigen) and serve as tags or identifiers for such material. Antibody-tagged bacteria. 

An electrodialysis cell has the following dimensions (110 cm X 60 cm x 0.04 cm (thickness), and is used to treat water with a throughput velocity of 10 cm/sec. The product concentration is 0.0092 eq/Liter. The cell current efficiency is 0.892. Resistance across the cell is 0.205 ohm. The influent concentration is 125 mg/Liter of NaCl. Calculate the following (a) cell current, (b) cell power output, (c) the cell voltage, and (d) the energy consumption per equivalent of product transferred. 

In addition to antibodies, the immune system also consists of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes, or B cells, and T cells that come from the thymus gland, both of which (indirectly) produce antibodies. These cells, in turn, may be helped by helper cells (= H) and suppressed by suppressor cells (= S). Helper cells may be alarmed as to the presence of antigens by macrophages (= M) that eat the antigens and leave parts of their meal on their cell surface. 

The normal immune response is modeled using antibodies A, B cells, helpers H, suppressors S and antigens, or viruses, V. Each of these concentrations can be either high (= 1) or low 0). The dynamics is defined as follows ... 

We can interpret these equations in the following way. The first line assures us that antibodies will be present only when B cells, helper cells and antigens are all present. The second line states that B cells will grow if antigens and/or B cells are present and if helped by helper cells. The third line indicates that helper cells arise either if other helper cells ai e present or, if no suppressor cells are present, if there are any antigens. The fourth line yields suppressor cells if suppressor cells are already present and/or there are any helper cells. The last line implies that the antigen remains if there are no antibodies or vani.shes if antibodies are present. Since concentrations cannot exceed 1, it is understood that, in the above equations, 1 + 1 = 1. 

Nagasaw, T., Hirota, S., Tachibana, K., Takakura, N., Nishikawa, S., Kitamura, Y., Yoshida, N., Kikutani, H., and Kishimoto T. (1996). Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature 382 635-638. 

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage of disease caused by infection with HIV. In this stage, the vims infection has severely affected the immune system, causing a depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells. AIDS is characterized by the manifestation of typical diseases caused by opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CMV retinitis, candidiasis of the esophagus, cerebral toxoplasmosis), neurological manifestations, cachexia, or certain tumors (Kaposi sarcoma of the skin, B-cell lymphoma). 

The limited efficacy of classical anticancer diugs can be explained in part by the compartment model of dividing (growth fraction, compartment A) and nondividing (compartment B) cells. The majority of antineoplastic diugs acts upon cycling cells and will hit, therefore, compartment A only. 

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibodies have been used recently to target antigens that are preferentially located on cancer cells. Examples include trastuzumab and rituximab which are used to treat HER2 positive breast cancer and B-cell type lymphomas, respectively. Unwanted side effects include anaphylactic reactions. 

Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-related gene) is major mammalian gene that is known to inhibit apoptosis. 

A second population of Th-cells, Th-2, regulates B-cell responses (see below) by secreting a different set of cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, or IL-13. 

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells, stimulates B-cells in different stages of their development. It may act as a growth factor or as a differentiation factor, causing B-lymphocytes to switch antibody to IgE. In T-cells it causes differentiation into TH2-cells. 

A cytokine, secreted by TH2-cells and mast cells, stimulates B-cell growth, acts as hematopoietic factor for growth factor eosinophils, and extends the life span of eosinophils. 

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