Immune system B cells

B cell. One of the major types of cells in the immune system. B cells can differentiate to form memory cells or antibody-forming cells. 

For peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which are components of the immune system (B cells, T cells and granulocytes), saturable kinetics of riboflavin uptake were proved (Km = 955 nM). Absorption was reduced by the addition of, among others, lumichrome and dinitrophenol. The transport was temperature dependent and sodium independent. During proliferation of these cells, uptake of the vitamin increased four times, although the transporter affinity and their number per cells remained unchanged. This suggested that accumulation of riboflavin in the cells is associated with variable cellular volume (osmolarity of environment) (Zempleni and Mock 2000) (Tables 36.1-36.4). 

MULLER, C.P. BRONS, N.H. (1994) Systemic B-cell response in the mouse after mucosal immunization with measles virus. Immunity and Infection, 22, 125-126. 

B) MAJOR BODILY FUNCTIONS.—For purposes of paragraph (1), a major life activity also includes the operation of a major bodily function, including but not limited to, functions of the immune system, normal cell growth, digestive, bowel, bladder, neurological, brain, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and reproductive functions. 

The immunomodulatory properties of A -THC [48] are likely due to the interaction with CB2 receptors, highly expressed in cells of the immune system (T-cells, B-cells, macrophages). The effect on the immune system of cannabinoid administration appears to be hormesic, and related to the dosage. Indeed, high doses of caimabinoids suppress immune responses, while more physiologically relevant concentrations of cannabinoids result in metabolic stimulation of lymphocytes and in an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production rather than immunosuppression. It has been proposed that the immunosuppressive properties of cannabinoids can find application in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. 

In addition to antibodies, the immune system also consists of bone-marrow derived lymphocytes, or B cells, and T cells that come from the thymus gland, both of which (indirectly) produce antibodies. These cells, in turn, may be helped by helper cells (= H) and suppressed by suppressor cells (= S). Helper cells may be alarmed as to the presence of antigens by macrophages (= M) that eat the antigens and leave parts of their meal on their cell surface. 

The agglutination of incompatible red blood cells, which indicates that the body s immune system has recognized the presence of foreign cells in the body and has formed antibodies against them, results from the presence of polysaccharide markers on the surface of the cells. Types A, B, and O red blood cells... 

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage of disease caused by infection with HIV. In this stage, the vims infection has severely affected the immune system, causing a depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells. AIDS is characterized by the manifestation of typical diseases caused by opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CMV retinitis, candidiasis of the esophagus, cerebral toxoplasmosis), neurological manifestations, cachexia, or certain tumors (Kaposi sarcoma of the skin, B-cell lymphoma). 

An antigen is a molecule recognised by specific receptors on cells of the immune system such as B lymphocytes. 

The role of NFAT in the immune system is not restricted to T cells. NFAT proteins are also expressed in other cells of the immune system, such as B cells, NK cells, and mast cells, where they have been shown to regulate the expression of cytokines, cell surface receptors, and immunoglobulins [4, 5]. 

NF-kB regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses ( immune defense) [2]. Understanding the function of NF-kB in the development, maintenance, and activation of cells from the immune system (including hematopoietic cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T lymphocytes) has greatly benefited from the analysis of knockout mice in which individual NF-kB family members were defective. 

NF-kB is also crucial for the proper functioning of the adaptive immune system not only by acting on the immune cells themselves but also by participating in the development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer s patches), in which both B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation and activation. NF-kB proteins have an important role in lymphocyte development and... 

---