B-cell leukaemia

Orazi A, Cattoretti G, Polli N, et al. Distinct morphophenotypic features of chronic B-cell leukaemias identified with CDlc and CD23 antibodies. Eur J Haematol. 1991 47(l) 28-35. 

Most of the early studies on flavopiridol were conducted on solid tumour cell lines but another mechanism of action for flavopiridol has recently been suggested as the result of studies on B-cell leukaemia cell lines [27]. Administration of various doses of the compound for several different exposure times gave related inhibition of cell growth and survival. Increased apoptosis was also noted and this was shown to be linked with a decrease in bcl-2 mRNA and bcl-2 protein expression. A similar sensitivity was noted in another set of findings using at least four different haematopoietic cell lines [28]. 

Explain in more detail the nature of the following MAbs which have entered clinical trials. For example, in the light of the modes of action discussed in the previous pages, what is the likely mode of action for these antibodies LymphoCide A humanised MAb which binds to the CD22 receptor found on some B-cell leukaemias. 

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

Clinical trials have shown the recombinant interferons to be effective in the treatment of various cancer types, with rhIFN-a2a and -a2b both approved for treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. This is a rare B-lymphocyte neoplasm for which few effective treatments were previously available. Administration of the recombinant interferons promotes significant regression of the cancer in up to 90 per cent of patients. 

McCaig AM, Cosimo E, Leach MT et al (2011) Dasatinib inhibits B cell receptor signalling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia but novel combination approaches are required to overcome additional pro-survival microenvironmental signals. Br J Haematol 153(2) 199-211... 

Guerci AP, Guerci B, Levy-Marchal C, Ongagna J, Ziegler O, Candiloros H, Guerci O, Drouin P. Onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus after interferon-alfa therapy for hairy cell leukaemia. Lancet 1994 343(8906) 1167-8. 

Up-regulation of annexin 2 has also been implicated in pro-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ALL (Matsunaga et al., 2004). This occurs as a result of a different translocation t(17 19)(q22 pl3) and the expression of the fusion protein E2A-HLF is also associated with poor prognosis, hypercalcemia and haemorrhagic complications. Expression of E2A-HLF was sufficient to induce annexin 2 overexpression in leukaemic cell lines. 

B25. Brunning, R. D., Borowitz, M. J., Matutes, E., Head, D., Glandrin, G., and Swerdlow, S. H., Precursor B lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma (precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia). In World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues (E. S. laffe, N. L. Harris, H. Stein, and J. W. Vardiman, eds.), pp. 111-114. IARC Press, Lyon, 2001. 

Plasmocytoma Extramedullary plasmocytic lymphoma likewise has its origin in immunoglobulin-secreting B-lymphocytes. It is also termed multiple myeloma. The condition occurs most frequently in 7 decade of life and ends fatally after 1-2 (-3) years. In the liver, there are sometimes sinusoidal and portal infiltrations of B-lym-phocytes and plasmocytic tumour cells nodular formation can also occur. Generally, however, liver involvement is found in 40% of cases. (47, 61) (s. fig. 38.12) Recently, patients with non-response or relapse after high-dose chemotherapy were treated successfully with thalidomide (starting with 200 mg daily, the dose was increased by 200 mg every two weeks until it reached 800 mg per day). (48, 56) Plasma cell leukaemia is a rare complicative variant which tends to have its own individual course. 

NSC 312887 Fludara ) is a nucleotide antimetabolite ANTICANCER AGENT, used to treat leukaemia (chronic B-cell lymphocytic leukaemia, CLL). 

Interferon alfa 2b (interferon alfa-2b [usan] Alferon Intron A Viraferon Sch 30500) is a recombinant (rbe) version, and is extensively used by injection as an anticancer agent to treat hairy cell leukaemia, condylomata acuminata, AIDS-related Kaposi s sarcoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukaemia, lymph or liver metastases of carcinoid tumour, as an anticancer adjunct in malignant melanoma also, in the maintenance of remission in multiple myeloma chronic active hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C. 

Damle RN, Calissano C, Chiorazzi N (2010) Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia a disease of activated monoclonal B cells. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 23 33-45... 

Aguilar-Santelises M, Magnusson KP, Wiman KG, et al. Progressive B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia frequently exhibits aberrant p53 expression. Int J Cancer. 1994 58(4) 474-479. 

Large granular lymphocytic leukaemia as used by Chun et al. [93] is the same as mononuclear cell leukaemia as used by NTP [98], This non-T, non-B cell neoplasm is not the same as the lymphomas/leukaemias as used by Belpoggi et al. [95,97]... 

B-cell derived lymphoma/leukaemia in female rats exposed to MTBE in one study and methanol in another within the same laboratory, but not MTBE or methanol (or TBA) in other studies. No other lymphoreticular neoplasm was increased in any study. 

DE was used to identify cellular proteins in T and B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines (Mohammad et al, 1994b). Two B cell and two T cell lines as well as a normal Epstein-Barr virus-transformed line of B cell origin were studied. Despite the great similarities in the patterns of the B and T cell derived from 2-DE gels, three proteins appeared to be unique to B cells, whereas eight proteins were unique to T cell lines. It is not known if these proteins are markers for B or T acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, respectively, or if they are unique to the cell lines that were studied. 

The protein expression in hairy cell leukaemia was compared to that of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Talebian-Ziai et al, 1992). Five distinct polypeptides were detected in hairy cell leukaemia, but not in cells of most chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and normal B lymphocytes. Two out of these 5 polypeptides appeared to be specific of hairy cell leukaemia. In addition. 

The protein expression patterns obtained by 2-DE in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was also studied by T. Voss and collaborators in 24 patient samples (Voss et al, 2001). This analysis allowed the identification of proteins that clearly discriminated between different patient groups (with defined chromosomal characteristics or according to clinical parameters). More particularly, this study showed that B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients with shorter survival exhibit changed levels of redox enzymes such as heat shock protein 27 and protein disulfide isomerase. 

CD22 (BL-CAM) Hairy cell leukaemia Pre-B-ALL, B-cell lymphoma B-cells... 

Roman V, Billard C, Kern C, Ferry-Dumazet H, Izard JC, Mohammad R, Mossalayi DM, Kolb JP (2002) Analysis of resveratrol-induced apoptosis in human B-cell chronic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 117 842-... 

C8H12N4O5 244.207 Antiviral agent. Usually administered as an aerosol. As Ribetron, in combination with Interferon Alfa 2b, used for the treatment of malignant melanoma, Kaposi s sarcoma, warts, hairy cell leukaemia, hepatits B and C and non-Hodgkin s lymphoma. Marketed drug. Approved for clinical use in the EU (1999). Approved by FDA (July 2003) for treatment of pediatric hepatitis CSol. H2O. 

---