Concentrates products

Table 9. Selected Processes for Leaf Protein Concentrate Production, 1993...

Soybean concentrate production involves the removal of soluble carbohydrates, peptides, phytates, ash, and substances contributing undesirable flavors from defatted flakes after solvent extraction of the oil. Typical concentrate production processes include moist heat treatment to insolubilize proteins, followed by aqueous extraction of soluble constituents aqueous alcohol extraction and dilute aqueous acid extraction at pH 4.5. 

A small portion of molybdenite concentrate production is purified to yield lubricant-grade molybdenum disulfide, a widely used soHd-state lubricant. 

AHphatic amine oxides such as alkyl dimethyl amine oxides and aLkylbis(2-hydroxylethyl)amiae oxides range from practically nontoxic to slightly toxic (79). Reported LD qS range from 1.77 g/kg to 6.50 g/kg. The commercial concentrated products are primary skin and eye irritants. At concentrations of 2%, these products may be considered as nonirritating to the skin or eye. 

Equipment. From the appHcations standpoint, magnetic equipment falls into one of four broad categories tramp iron removal, magnetic particle separation and concentration, product cleaning, or eddy current separation on nonmagnetic metaUics. 

Acid circulated over SO absorbing towers is maintained at about 98.5% to minimize its vapor pressure. Where lower concentration product acid is desired, it is made either in separate dilution faciUties, or in drying towers operated at 93—96% H2SO4. 

Table 5. World Tungsten Concentrate Production by Country ...

Oil Contamination of Helium Gas. For more than 20 years, helium gas has been used in a variety of nuclear experiments to collect, carry, and concentrate fission-recoil fragments and other nuclear reaction products. Reaction products, often isotropically distributed, come to rest in helium at atmospheric concentration by coUisional energy exchange. The helium is then allowed to flow through a capillary and then through a pinhole into a much higher vacuum. The helium thus collects, carries, and concentrates products that are much heavier than itself, electrically charged or neutral, onto a detector... 

The great importance of the solubility product concept lies in its bearing upon precipitation from solution, which is, of course, one of the important operations of quantitative analysis. The solubility product is the ultimate value which is attained by the ionic concentration product when equilibrium has been established between the solid phase of a difficultly soluble salt and the solution. If the experimental conditions are such that the ionic concentration product is different from the solubility product, then the system will attempt to adjust itself in such a manner that the ionic and solubility products are equal in value. Thus if, for a given electrolyte, the product of the concentrations of the ions in solution is arbitrarily made to exceed the solubility product, as for example by the addition of a salt with a common ion, the adjustment of the system to equilibrium results in precipitation of the solid salt, provided supersaturation conditions are excluded. If the ionic concentration product is less than the solubility product or can arbitrarily be made so, as (for example) by complex salt formation or by the formation of weak electrolytes, then a further quantity of solute can pass into solution until the solubility product is attained, or, if this is not possible, until all the solute has dissolved. 

In whole cell bioprocesses, extracellular products are preferable because this removes the requirement for cell disruption and tins reduces the level of impurities in the product solution. Nevertheless, product isolation and purification can be prohibitively expensive particularly for low concentration product streams, which is a feature of many bioprocesses. 

By making use of the physicochemical properties of the amino add that is required, it is possible to obtain highly purified and/or concentrated product This is done by a combination of several processes, the number of which is dictated by tire final application for the produd and by economical feasibility. 

A premium antiscalent product in this group is Flocon 100 from Great Lakes Chemical Corporation (originally the brand was owned by Pfizer, then Ciba-Geigy, then FMC). Flocon 100 is a 35% w/w, 2,000 MW acrylic acid polymer. An alternate and much more concentrated product is Good-Rite K-752, a 62.5% w/w, 2,100 MW acrylic acid polymer from Noveon, Inc. (formerly BF Goodrich Company). 

Square brackets around a molecular species indicate atmospheric concentration. The rate constants k times the reactant concentration product refers to the rates of the chemical reactions of the indicated number. The photolytic flux term /l4 refers to the photodissociation rate of N02 in Reaction R14, its value is proportional to solar intensity.]. RO2 stands for an organic peroxyl radical (R is an organic group) that is capable of oxidizing NO to NO2. Hydrocarbons oxidize to form a very large number of different RO2 species the simplest of the family is methylperoxyl radical involved in R5, R6 and R8. 

Recently, the ocean-basin distribution of marine biomass and productivity has been estimated by satellite remote sensing. Ocean color at different wavelengths is determined and used to estimate near-surface phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration. Production is then estimated from chlorophyll using either in situ calibration relationships or from empirical functional algorithms (e.g., Platt and Sathyendranth, 1988 Field et al., 1998). Such studies reveal a tremendous amount of temporal and spatial variability in ocean biological production. 

Figure 5.4-26. Reaction rate versus concentrations product.

The log(wBj,2+)i(WgQ2-)i values for the solutions of the previous investigators T = 25-100°C) and ob.serve d morphologies of barite in their experiments) are compared as. shown in Fig. 1.55. It shows that the morphology of barite crystals changes with an increase in the concentration product, from well-formed (rectangular,... 

The concentration products obtained in the experiment by Shikazono (1994) can be compared with the solubility product for large well-formed polyhedral barite crystals... 

Figure 1.55. The relationships between the concentration product, (Ba " )i(S04 )i, at the initiation of barite precipitation, and morphologies of barite crystals (Shikazono, 1994). The dashed line represents the boundary between dendritic barite crystals and well-formed rhombohedral, rectangular, and polyhedral barite crystals. The 150°C data are from Shikazono (1994) the others from other investigations. D dendritic (spindle-like, rodlike, star-like, cross-like) barite Dp feather-like dendritic barite W well-formed rectangular, rhombohedral, and polyhedral barite. The boundary between the diffusion-controlled mechanism (Di) and the surface reaction mechanism (S) for barite precipitation at 25°C estimated by Nielsen (1958) The solubility product for barite in 1 molal NaCl solution at 150°C based on data by Helgeson (1969) and Blount (1977). A-B The solubility product for barite in 1 molal NaCl solution from 25 to 150°C based on data by Helgeson (1969).

The various morphological features of barites from the Kuroko and Mariana deposits, when combined with the experimental studies on barite precipitation, suggest that the surface reaction mechanism was dominant for the formation of these barites. This implies that the concentration product, m 2+) msol-), at the initiation of barite precipitation was probably less than ca. 100 times that for equilibrium. 

Combining these equations and integrating yield Cf = CioX for a volume reduction factor X = Q/Qo and the observed component passage Si. This allows one to determine either final concentrations from crossflow rates or the reverse. For a fully retained product (Sj= 0), a 10-fold volume reduction (X = 10) produces a 10-fold more concentrated product. However, if the product is only partially retained, the volume reduction does not proportionately increase the final concentration due to losses through the membrane. 

Design Considerations and Economics The selection among batch, fed-batch, single-pass, or continuous operation has been described earher in this section. Important performance considerations for UF applicaHons involve product purity and/or concentration, product yield, and cost/sizing for a given production rate. 

Mechanically or hydraulically induced matter handover from the froth into the concentrate product. 

The local formulator who purchases concentrated products from the manufacturer has his problems. More frequently than not the advent of a new product catches him with a stock of some older chemical which the new one will replace. Lead and calcium arsenates, rotenone, pyrethrum, sabadilla, and others all have lost some usage to the newer economic poisons. Costs such as these cannot be passed on to consumers because of that grand American institution, competition. 

Antivirals are used to treat the ocular sequelae of AIDS such as CMV retinitis. They are treated with systemic administration, but with the need for higher localized ocular therapeutic concentrations, products have been developed and approved for direct administration into the vitreous cavity. 

Backward-feed operation is shown in Figure 10.21b. Here, the fresh feed enters the last and coldest stage and leaves the first stage as concentrated product. This... 

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