Cell response

The dopamine system constitutes the cellular and biochemical network that is involved in the synthesis, release, and response to dopamine. In general, this involves cells that express significant levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and limited amounts of dopamine (3-hydioxylase [1]. Dopamine-responsive cells express receptors specifically activated by this neurotransmitter, which are known as dopamine Dl, D2, D3, D4, and D5 receptors [2, 3]. 

Ciavarra, R.P. Simeone, A. (1990). T lymphocyte stress response. Cell Immunol. 129, 363-376. 

Fig. 17.2. Fractalkine-CX3CR1 actions in microglia and NK cells during neuroinflammation. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 provide key regulatory input for microglia and NK cells, the fractalkine-responsive cell types implicated in EAE. In particular, fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate tonic inhibition of deleterious microglial activation, and recruit regulatory NK cells to the inflamed CNS during EAE.

Buprenorphine does not cause dependence in humans [96]. Unbke morphine, buprenorphine desensitizes the /< receptor coupling to adenylyl cyclase [80]. The desensitization occurs in the absence of any receptor internalization or downregu-lation [80]. The desensitization of the /x receptor may be the underlying basis for why buprenorphine does not cause a heightened adenylyl cyclase activity in // receptor-responsive cells. Buprenorphine s unique cellular regulation of the // receptor may explain its ability to be a non-addictive analgesic as well as its usefulness in treating opiate dependence. 

Xu, M., Moratalla, R., Gold, L. H. etal. Dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice are deficient in striatal expression of dyn-orphin and in dopamine-mediated behavioral responses. Cell 79 729-742,1994. 

Faith, R.E., Luster, M.I. and Moore, J.A., Chemical separation of helper cell function and delayed hypersensitivity responses, Cell. Immunol., 40, 275, 1978. 

Yarbrough JD, Brown LD, Grimley JM. 1984. Mirex-induced adaptive liver growth A corticosterone-mediated response. Cell Tissue Kinet 17 465-473. 

S. Janssens and J. Tschopp, Signals from within the DNA-damage-induced NF-kappaB response. Cell. Death Differ., 2006, 13(5), 773. 

The massive atrophied change which takes place first in the thymus followed by the spleen could well explain the marked depressed function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells)—phytohemagglutinin-responsive cells—in peripheral blood of subjects with protein calorie malnutrition (J6, M18, S6, S12). 

IL-2 (Proleukin) is a cytokine that promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and recruitment of T and B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes. Human recombinant IL-2 is designated as rIL-2. rIL-2 binds to IL-2 receptors on responsive cells and induces proliferation and differentiation of T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells. It also can induce B-lymphocyte proliferation, activate macrophage activity, and augment the cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. 

Meaney, M.J., Bhatnagar, S., Diorio, ]., Larocque, S., Francis, D., O Donnell, D., Shanks, N., Sharma, S., Smythe, J., and Viau, V. (1993) Molecular basis for the development of individual differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress response. Cell Mol Neurobiol 13 321-347. 

Expression of appropriate genes in androgen-responsive cells... 

When the antennae are completely ablated, the male cockroach still responds to the sex pheromone (Roth and Willis, 1952). This suggests that some pheromone-responsive cells are also located elsewhere, such as on the mouthparts. Olfactory receptor cells on the palps of P. americana project to the lobus glomeratus within the posterior region of the ventral deutocerebrum (Boeckh and Ernst, 1987). However, it is not known whether pheromone-responsive cells on the palps project to the more anterior macroglomerulus. 

There are two main types of immune response cell mediated and humoral. Cell-mediated immunity involves specifically sensitized thymus-dependent lymphocytes. Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from lymphocytes or plasma cells. The mechanisms will be discussed in more detail below. 

Hormone receptor. A protein that is located on the cell membrane or inside the responsive cell and that interacts specifically with the hormone. 

Sorger P. K. (1991). Heat shock factor and the heat shock response. Cell 65 363-366. 

Witowski J., Ksiazek K., and Jorres A. (2004). Interleukin-17 a mediator of inflammatory responses. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 61 567-579. 

Hugin, A.W., Flexner, C. and Moss, B. (1993) Clearance of recombinant vaccinia virus expressing IL-2 role of host immune response. Cell. Immunol, 153, 499-509. 

Action potentials recorded from various cardiac cells may vary somewhat from the action potential described previously. Some cells, for instance, totally lack phase 1 and have a slower phase 0. Such cells are said to have a slow response as opposed to the fast response just described. Also, action potentials from the nodal cells (see the next section, Normal Cardiac Rhythm ) differ somewhat from the fast response cells. Nonetheless, the fundamental ionic fluxes occurring during cardiac action potentials are similar in all cardiac cells. This ionic activity is pharmacologically significant because various antiarrhythmic drugs will affect the movement of sodium and other ions in an attempt to establish and maintain normal cardiac rhythm. 

Glucocorticoids affect various cells in a manner that is characteristic of steroid hormones (see Chapter 28, Fig. 28-3). In general, steroids alter protein synthesis in responsive cells through a direct effect on the cell s nucleus. These hormones alter the transcription of specific DNA genes, which results in subsequent changes in RNA synthesis and the translation of RNA into cellular proteins.6,73... 

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