Human B-cells

Basso K, Margolin AA, Stolovitzky G, Klein U, Dalla-Favera R, Califano A. Reverse engineering of regulatory networks in human B cells. Nat Genet 2005 37 382-90. 

B cells play a large role in the humoral immune response. In humans, B cells are produced and mature in the bone marrow. However, the abbreviation B does not stand for bone marrow. It stands for the bursa of Fabricius, an organ unique to birds, where B cells originally were discovered to mature. 

Krzysiek R, Lefevre EA, Bernard J, et al. Regulation of CCR6 chemokine receptor expression and responsiveness to macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha/ CCL20 in human B cells. Blood 2000 96(7) 2338-2345. 

Mature B lymphocytes express AhR and ARNT,10,12 and the ability of TCDD to suppress primary antibody responses has been known for a long time (reviewed in4). While the precise mechanisms resulting in suppression of T-dependent B cell responses in vivo have not been fully elucidated, it is clear that direct effects of TCDD on B cells plays a role. Studies using two B cell lines with differential AhR expression have linked suppression of LPS-induced IgM production to AhR activation, and have shown that AhR interactions within the 3 alpha immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer directly influence antibody production.52-54 TCDD also appears to directly modulate the expression of CD19 on human B cells, suggesting another mechanism by which TCDD down-modulates the responsiveness of mature B cells.55... 

The Surprising Effects of Human B-Cell Depletion Rituxan Usage... 

Shan, D., Ledbetter, J.A., and Press, O.W., Signaling events involved in anti-CD20-induced apoptosis of malignant human B cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 48, 673-683, 2000. 

Fuii Human Antibody Full human antibodies are the current engineered antibodies. Several techniques are used to construct these antibodies. One method is to fuse human B cells to myeloma cells. These hybridomas will produce fully human MAbs. Another method is to genetically alter mice in the laboratory to contain human antibody producing genes. In response to antigens, antibodies resembling the human antibodies are produced. 

Koncz, G., Pecht, L, Gergely, J., and Sarmay, G., 1999, Fi receptor mediated inhibition of human B cell activation the role of SHP-2 phosphatase. Eur. J. Immunol. 29 1980-1989. 

H3. Henderson, S., Huen, D., Rowe, M., Dawson, C., Johnson, G., and Rickinson, A., Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRFl protein, a viral homologue of bcl-2, protects human B cells from programmed cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8479-8483 (1993). 

Minegishi, Y., Rorer, J., Coustan-Smith, E., et al, An essential role for BLNK in human B cell development. Science 286, 1954-1957 (1999). 

Schwartz, K., Gauss, G. H., Ludwig, L., et al, RAG mutations in human B-cell-negative SCID. 

Lopes de Menezes, D.E., L.M. PUarski, and T.M. Allen, In vitro and in vivo targeting of immunoliposomal doxorubicin to human B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Res, 1998. 58(15) 3320-30. 

Shan D, Ledbetter JA, Press OW. Apoptosis of malignant human B-cells by ligation of CD20 with monoelonal antibodies. Blood 1998 91 1644-1652. 

Casali, P. Notkins, A.L. (1989). Probing the human B-cell repertoire with EBV polyreactive antibodies and CD5+ B lymphocytes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 7, 513-535. 

Cuisinier, A.-M., Guigou, V., Boubli, L., Fougereau, M., Tonnelle, C. (1989). Preferential expression of Vh5 and VH6 immunoglobulin genes in early human B-cell ontogeny. Scand. J. Immunol. 30, 493-497. 

Fujieda, S., Lin, Y.Q., Saxon, A., Zhang, K. (1996). Multiple types of chimeric germ-line Ig heavy chain transcripts in human B cells. Evidence for mms-splicing of human Ig RNA. J. Immunol. 157,3450-3459. 

Siminovitch, K.A., Bakhshi, A., Goldman, P., Korsmeyer, S.J. (1985). A uniform deleting element mediates the loss of k genes in human B cells. Nature 316, 260-262. 

Thomas RK, Sos ML, Zander T, Mani O, Popov A, Berenbrinker D, Smola-Hess S, Schultze JL, Wolf J. 2005. Inhibition of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB despite lack of functional IkappaBalpha protein overcomes multiple defects in apoptosis signaling in human B-cell malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 11 8186-8194. 

Kim HS, Raskova J, Degiannis D, Raska K Jr. Effects of cyclosporine and rapamycin on immunoglobulin production by preactivated human B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1994 96 508-512. 

Wardemann, H., S. Yurasov, A. Schaefer, J. W. Young, E. Meffre, and M. C. Nussenzweig. 2003. Predominant autoantibody production by early human B cell precursors. Science 301 1374-1377. 

Meffre, E., M. Chiorazzi, and M. C. Nussenzweig. 2001. Circulating human B cells that express surrogate light chains display a unique antibody repertoire. J. Immunol. 167 2151-2156. 

Anderson KC, Bates MP, Slaughenhoupt BL, Pinkus GS, Schlossman SF, Nadler LM. Expression of human B cell-associated antigens on leukemias and lymphomas a model of human B cell differentiation. Blood 1984 63 1424-1433. 

Einfeld, D. A., Brown, J. P., Valentine, M. A., Clark, E. A., and Ledbetter, J. A. (1988). Molecular cloning of the human B cell CD20 receptor predicts a hydrophobic protein with multiple transmembrane domains. EMBOJ. 7, 711-717. 

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