Tumor B-cell

In 1975, the first successful production of MAbs was reported (44). By fusing normal antibody-producing cells with a B-cell tumor (myeloma), hybridoma cell lines resulted which produced antibodies having a specificity to only one determinant on an antigen ie, all the antibodies produced from the cell line are identical. These studies resulted in a standard approach to MAb production. In this approach, the hybridoma cells are produced in large quantities in culture and screened to select specific clones producing the desired MAb using an appropriate assay. The selected clones are then expanded in culture (or in animals), the cells are collected, and the MAbs are extracted and purified. 

Krolick KA, Uhr JW, Slavin S, Vitetta ES. In vivo therapy of a murine B cell tumor (BCL1) using antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxins. J Exp Med 1982 155 1797-809. 

Serum IL-6 levels are usually very low or not measurable prior to middle age. However, subsequent IL-6 dysregulation results in increased production such that it is readily measurable in older persons even in the absence of inflammation. It has been suggested that dysregulation of IL-6 gene expression may be related to increased autoantibody production and the presence of benign paraproteinemia, both of which are commonly present in the elderly (Rl). Moreover, increased IL-6 levels may be responsible for the age-associated development of malignant B-cell tumors. In addition, Ershler (E4) noted that increased IL-6 has been associated with alteration of amyloid precursor protein, as is present in Alzheimer s disease, and stimulation of postmenopausal bone resorption. IL-6 has also been implicated in multiple myeloma, lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman s disease, and cardiac myxoma (E4). 

Disseminated or localized growth of a human B-cell tumor (Daudi) in SCID mice. Int. Cancer 45,481 185. 

The immunoprofile of MNHL separates it from other malignant mixed-cell neoplasms of the mediastinum. It includes reactivity for CD45 in all lesional cells, as well as positivity for CD20 in B-cell tumors or CD3, CD43, or CD45R0 in T-cell neoplasms.Keratin is universally absent, but some p63 isoforms are variably expressed by non-Hodgkin lymphomas of various types. 

Addis BJ, Isaacson PG. Large-cell lymphoma of the mediastinum A B-cell tumor of probable thymic origin. Histopathology. 1986 10 379-390. 

Yama ami T, Miwa A, Takasawa S et al. Induction of rat pancreatic B-cell tumors by the combined administration of streptozotocin or alloxan and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) synthetase inhibitors. Cancer Res 1985 45(4) 1845-1849. 

De Angelis F, Pujia A, Falcone C, laccino E, Palmier C, Liberale C, Mecarini F, Candeloro P, Luberto L, De Laurentiis A (2010) Water soluble nanoporous nanoparticle for in vivo targeted drug delivery and controlled release in B cells tumor context. Nanoscale 2(10) 2230-2236 Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature... 

Immune cells called B lymphocytes secrete antibodies, and the fusion of these antibody-producing cells with myelomas (B-cell tumor cells) produces a hybridoma, an immortal cell that grows indefinitely in culture and secretes large quantities of a particular antibody. Antibodies made by hybridoma cells can bind to one and only one site on a specific target and are known as monoclonal antibodies. 

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage of disease caused by infection with HIV. In this stage, the vims infection has severely affected the immune system, causing a depletion of CD4+ T-helper cells. AIDS is characterized by the manifestation of typical diseases caused by opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CMV retinitis, candidiasis of the esophagus, cerebral toxoplasmosis), neurological manifestations, cachexia, or certain tumors (Kaposi sarcoma of the skin, B-cell lymphoma). 

Large granular lymphocytes, not belonging to either the T- or B-cell lineage. Natural killer (NK) cells are considered part of the innate defense system since, in contrast to cytotoxic T-cells, they are able to kill certain tumor cells in vitro without prior sensitization. The basal activity of NIC cells increases dramatically following stimulation with type I IFNs. In addition, NK cells display Fc-receptors for IgG and are important mediators of Antibody-Dependent-Cell-mediated-Cytotoxicity (ADCC). 

Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody to the CD20 receptor expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes the presence of the antibody is determined during flow cytometry of the tumor cells. Cell death results from antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. The pharmacokinetics of rituximab are best described by a two-compartment model, with a terminal half-life of 76 hours after the first infusion and a terminal half-life of 205 hours after the fourth dose.36 Rituximab has shown clinical activity in the treatment of B-cell lymphomas that are CD20+. Side effects include hypersensitivity reactions, hypotension, fevers, chills, rash, headache, and mild nausea and vomiting. 

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a small polypeptide with a molecular mass of 26 kDa (see Table 2). IL-6 can be induced in various cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages/monocytes, epithelial cells, T cells, B cells, and diverse tumor cells (L4). TNF, IL-1, and LPS can stimulate IL-6 gene expression in macrophages/monocytes and fibroblasts. In vivo studies showed that systemic administration of TNF, LPS, and IL-1 was followed by a rapid induction of circulating IL-6 (B49, J2). Also, endothelin (ET) at concentrations observed pathophysiolog-ically may trigger production of IL-6 (Ml7). 

As described in several monographs [4], bryostatin 1 exhibits significant in vitro and in vivo antineoplastic activity against a range of tumor cell lines including murine leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, reticulum cell sarcoma, ovarian carcinoma, and melanoma. It is also effective in the modulation of apoptotic function [5], the reversal of multidrug resistance [6], and stimulation of the immune system [7]. These unique features displayed by bryostatin 1 are attributed to its high affinity for protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and its ability to selectively modulate their functions [8]. PKCs are a type of intracellular serine and threonine kinase that... 

Rituximab -monoclonal antibody to CD20 (B-cell surface antigen) -fever, chills, malaise -nausea, vomiting -flushing -bronchospasm, angioedema, urticaria -rhinitis -pain at disease sites -tumor lysis syndrome may occur in patients with high peripheral lymphocyte count... 

Tumor surface Ig 38C13 scFv B-cell lymphoma treatment N. benthamiana TMV coat protein Rice a-amylase SP + 60 pg/mL of intercellular medium 56... 

---