B cells, cancerous

Shan, D., Ledbetter, J.A., and Press, O.W., Signaling events involved in anti-CD20-induced apoptosis of malignant human B cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 48, 673-683, 2000. 

In the 1970s, the B-cell cancer myeloma was studied, and it was established that these cells produced a single type of antibody. A revolution started in 1975 in the area of generating antibodies when Kohler and Milstein succeeded in fusing murine... 

Francis, S.M., Taylor, C.A., Tang, T., Liu, Z., Zheng, Q., Dondero, R., Thompson, J.E., 2014. SNSOl-T modulation of eIF5A inhibits B-cell cancer progression and synergizes with bor-tezomib and lenalidomide. Mol. Ther. 22, 1643-1652. 

Marsh, J. P., and Mossman, B. L (1991) Role of asbestos and active oxygen species in. ictiva-rion. and expression of ornirhinc decarboxylase in hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Cancer Ra. 51(1), 167-173. 

Recombinant humanized monoclonal antibodies have been used recently to target antigens that are preferentially located on cancer cells. Examples include trastuzumab and rituximab which are used to treat HER2 positive breast cancer and B-cell type lymphomas, respectively. Unwanted side effects include anaphylactic reactions. 

Calabrese C, Poppleton H, Kocak M, Hogg TL, Fuller C, Hamner B, Oh EY, Gaber MW, Finklestein D, AUen M et al (2007) A perivascular niche for brain tumor stem cells. Cancer Cell 11 69-82... 

Roediger, W.E.W., Lawson, M.J. and Radcliife, B.C. (1990). Nitrite from inflammatory cells - cancer risk factor in ulcerative colitis Dis. Colon Rectum 33, 1034-1036. 

The malignant lymphomas are hematologic cancers that consist of a cluster of diseases of the lymphoid tissue. The primary malignant cells for lymphomas are lymphocytes of B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell origin. These cells originate from a small population of... 

Baylin, S. B., Abeloff, M. D., Goodwin, G., Carney, D. M and Gazdar, A. F. (1980). Activities of L-dopa decarboxylase and diamine oxidase (histaminase) in human lung cancers and decarboxylase as a marker for small (oat) cell cancer in cell culture. Cancer Res. 40 1990-1994. 

Voss Tet al. Correlation of clinical data with proteomics profiles in 24 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2001 91 180-186. 

Michel, R.B., Ochakovskaya, R., and Mattes, M.J. (2002) Antibody localization to B-cell lymphoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice importance of using residualizing radiolabels. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 2632-2639. 

Vitetta, E.S., and Thorpe, P.E. (1985) Immunotoxins containing ricin A or B chains with modified carbohydrate residues act synergistically in killing neoplastic B cells in vitro. Cancer Drug Deliv. 2, 191. 

Immunodeficiency has been associated with an increased incidence of viral-induced cancers, which tend to be more immunogenic than those that are chemically-induced. Cancers related to immunosuppression include leukemia and cancers of the skin (seen in transplant patients4) as well as Kaposi s sarcoma and EB V-associated B cell lymphomas (observed in HIV/AIDS patients). 

Cyclophosphamide (Cytotoxin) Alkylating agent cancer chemotherapy transplant rejection rheumatoid arthritis Decreased Ts cells, B cells, and NK cells... 

Altmannsberger M, Dirk T, Droese M, Weber K, Osborn M (1986) Keratin polypeptide distribu tion in benign and malignant breast tumors subdivision of ductal carcinomas using monoclo nal antibodies. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol 51(3) 265 275 Assefnia S, Jones LP, Torre KM, Furth PA (2006) Expression of p63 in a mouse model of Brcal mutation related breast cancer. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, Washington, DC (Meeting Abstracts)... 

IL-6 induces terminal maturation of B cells, promotes the growth of hy-bridoma/myeloma cells and T cells, and acts upon haematopoietic progenitors in synergy with IL-1 and IL-3. It also induces the production of acute-phase proteins by liver cells. In addition to its production by neutrophils, IL-6 is also synthesised by monocytes, T and B cells, fibroblasts, cardiac myxoma cells, some bladder carcinomas, cervical cancer cells and glioblastomas. Stimulated neutrophils generate about ten times less IL-6 (on a per-cell basis) than do monocytes. 

Lymphomas. Lymphomas are cancers derived from the B cells of the immune system. Reactivation or coinfection in the B lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus may be important in the development of lymphomas in AIDS patients. An unusual lymphoma that spreads to the brain also occurs. 

Fig. 10.19 Lack of toxic effects of CM fullerene on breast epithelial cells. Cm does not inhibit cell proliferation. MCF 10A and (A) MDA MB 231 (B) breast cancer cell lines were cultured either in the absence or presence of methanol C60 and cell proliferation was assayed by crystal violet staining. Control, no C 1 Opg Cm, A 50 pg Cm, X 250 pg CM. (C). MDA MB 231 cells were simultaneously stained with calcein and ethidium using a live-dead assay kit. Lack of red-colored cells and the presence of cells stained in green indicate the lack of toxicity (D). MDA MB 231 cells were either untreated (open box) cultured with varying amounts 10 (gray ), 50 (patterned ) and lOOpg (filled ) of C60 for 48 h and analyzed for cell cycle progression by flow cytometry (Levi et al., 2006) (See Color Plates)...

Demidem, A., Lam, T., Alas, S., Hariharan, K., Hanna, N., and Bonavida, B., Chimeric anti-CD20 (IDEC-C2B8) monoclonal antibody sensitizes a B cell lymphoma cell line to cell killing by cytotoxic drugs. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm., 12, 177-186, 1997. 

Bcl-2 B cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) is a family of proteins that regulate apoptosis (programmed cell death). Apoptosis is a necessary process whereby aged or damaged cells are replaced by new cells. Dysfunction of the apoptosis process results in disease inhibition of apoptosis results in cancer, autoimmune disorder, and viral infection, whereas increased apoptosis gives rise to neurodegenerative disorders, myelodysplastic syndromes, ischemic injury, and toxin-induced liver disease. 

IL-2 promotes the growth of B cells for antibody production and induces the release of IFN-yand TNF (see below). It has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of different types of cancer, including metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal carcinoma. Examples of IL-2 for the treatment of malignant melanoma and a protein that targets IL-2 receptor in T-cell lymphoma are given in Exhibit 4.9. 

Eurnaii, E.B., Huang, H.J., Cavenee, W.K., 1998, The phosphatidyhnositol phosphatase activity of PTEN mediates a senim-sensititve G1 growth arrest in glioma cells. Cancer Res, 58 5002-5008. 

Goulet B, Watson P, Poirier M, Leduy L, Berube G, Meterissian S, Jolicoeur P, (2002) A Nepveu. Characterization of a tissue-specific CDP/Cux isoform, p75, activated in breast tumor cells. Cancer Res 62(22) 6625-6633... 

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