Schematic representations

Waste from steam systems. If steam is used as a hot utility, then inefficiencies in the steam system itself cause utility waste. Figure 10.9 shows a schematic representation of a steam system. Raw water from a river or other source is fed to the steam system. This is... 

Fig.5 Example of histogram presentatioa The lower picture is a schematic representation of the monitored component with Uie position of the transducers (1-4). The higher window is the total AE counts vs linear location representation of the located AE sources...

Figure 4 Schematic representation of silver concentration and fixer flow for cascade fixation.

Fig. V-3. Schematic representation of (a) the Stem layer (b) the potential-determining ions at an oxide interface (c) the potential-determining and Stem layers together.

Fig. VI-2. Schematic representation of the geometry used for the Deijaguin approximation.

Figure Al.6.10. (a) Schematic representation of the three potential energy surfaces of ICN in the Zewail experiments, (b) Theoretical quantum mechanical simulations for the reaction ICN ICN [I--------------...

Figure Al.6.23. Schematic representation of dephasing and reversal on a race track, leading to coherent rephasing and an echo of the starting configuration. From Phys. Today, (Nov. 1953), front cover.

Figure Al.6.24. Schematic representation of a photon echo in an isolated, multilevel molecule, (a) The initial pulse prepares a superposition of ground- and excited-state amplitude, (b) The subsequent motion on the ground and excited electronic states. The ground-state amplitude is shown as stationary (which in general it will not be for strong pulses), while the excited-state amplitude is non-stationary. (c) The second pulse exchanges ground- and excited-state amplitude, (d) Subsequent evolution of the wavepackets on the ground and excited electronic states. Wlien they overlap, an echo occurs (after [40]).

Figure A2.5.2. Schematic representation of the behaviour of several thennodynamic fiinctions as a fiinction of temperature T at constant pressure for the one-component substance shown in figure A2.5.1. (The constant-pressure path is shown as a dotted line in figure A2.5.1.) (a) The molar Gibbs free energy Ci, (b) the molar enthalpy n, and (c) the molar heat capacity at constant pressure The fimctions shown are dimensionless...

Figure A3.14.10. Schematic representation of important features of an excitable system (see the text for details)...

Figure Bl.2.1. Schematic representation of the dependence of the dipole moment on the vibrational coordinate for a heteronuclear diatomic molecule. It can couple with electromagnetic radiation of the same frequency as the vibration, but at other frequencies the interaction will average to zero.

Figure Bl.2.2. Schematic representation of the polarizability of a diatomic molecule as a fimction of vibrational coordinate. Because the polarizability changes during vibration, Raman scatter will occur in addition to Rayleigh scattering.

Figure Bl.2.6. Schematic representation of a Michelson interferometer. From Griffiths P R and de Flaseth J A 1986 Fourier transfonn infrared spectroscopy Chemical Analysis ed P J Hiving and J D Winefordner (New York Wiley). Reprinted by pemiission of Jolm Wiley and Sons Inc.

Figure Bl.2.9. Schematic representation of the metliod used in cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy. From [33], used with pemhssion.

Figure Bl.5.5 Schematic representation of the phenomenological model for second-order nonlinear optical effects at the interface between two centrosynnnetric media. Input waves at frequencies or and m2, witii corresponding wavevectors /Cj(co and k (o 2), are approaching the interface from medium 1. Nonlinear radiation at frequency co is emitted in directions described by the wavevectors /c Cco ) (reflected in medium 1) and /c2(k>3) (transmitted in medium 2). The linear dielectric constants of media 1, 2 and the interface are denoted by E2, and s, respectively. The figure shows the vz-plane (the plane of incidence) withz increasing from top to bottom and z = 0 defining the interface.

FigureBl.7.2. Schematic representations of alternative ionization methods to El and PI (a) fast-atom bombardment in which a beam of keV atoms desorbs solute from a matrix (b) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and (c) electrospray ionization.

Figure Bl.12.3. Schematic representation showing the components of a pulse FT NMR spectrometer.

Figure Bl.15.8. (A) Left side energy levels for an electron spin coupled to one nuclear spin in a magnetic field, S= I =, gj >0, a<0, and a l 2h)<(a. Right side schematic representation of the four energy levels with )= Mg= , Mj= ). +-)=1, ++)=2, -)=3 and -+)=4. The possible relaxation paths are characterized by the respective relaxation rates W. The energy levels are separated horizontally to distinguish between the two electron spin transitions. Bottom ENDOR spectra shown when a /(21j)< ca (B) and when co < a /(2fj) (C).

Figure Bl.16.22. Schematic representations of CIDEP spectra for hypothetical radical pair CH + R. Part A shows the A/E and E/A RPM. Part B shows the absorptive and emissive triplet mechanism. Part C shows the spin-correlated RPM for cases where J and J a.. ...

Figure Bl.18.6. Schematic representation of Zemike s phase contrast method. The object is assumed to be a relief grating in a transparent material of constant index of refraction. Phase and amplitude are varied by the Zemike diaphragm, such that an amplitude image is obtained whose contrast is, m principle, adjustable.

Figure Bl.18.14. Schematic representation of the increase of absorption with photon density for two- and tliree-photon absorption.

Figure Bl.20.9. Schematic representation of DLVO-type forces measured between two mica surfaces in aqueous solutions of KNO3 or KCl at various concentrations. The inset reveals the existence of oscillatory and monotonic structural forces, of which the latter clearly depend on the salt concentration. Reproduced with pennission from [94].

Figure Bl.22.4. Differential IR absorption spectra from a metal-oxide silicon field-effect transistor (MOSFET) as a fiinction of gate voltage (or inversion layer density, n, which is the parameter reported in the figure). Clear peaks are seen in these spectra for the 0-1, 0-2 and 0-3 inter-electric-field subband transitions that develop for charge carriers when confined to a narrow (<100 A) region near the oxide-semiconductor interface. The inset shows a schematic representation of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) arrangement used in these experiments. These data provide an example of the use of ATR IR spectroscopy for the probing of electronic states in semiconductor surfaces [44]-...

Figure Bl.24.2. A schematic representation of an elastic collision between a particle of massM and energy Eq and a target atom of mass M2. After the collision the projectile and target atoms have energies of and 2 respectively. The angles 0 and ( ) are positive as shown. All quantities refer to tire laboratory frame of reference.

Figure Bl.28.10. Schematic representation of an illuminated (a) n-type and (b) p-type semiconductor in the presence of a depletion layer fonned at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface.

Figure B2.5.1. Schematic representation of a typical flow tube set-up with moveable detection. Adapted from [HO].

Figure B2.5.5. Schematic representation of a shock-tube apparatus. The diapliragm d separates the high-...

Figure B2.5.8. Schematic representation of laser-flash photolysis using the pump-probe technique. The beam splitter BS splits the pulse coming from the laser into a pump and a probe pulse. The pump pulse initiates a reaction in the sample, while the probe beam is diverted by several mirrors M tluough a variable delay line.

Figure B2.5.13. Schematic representation of the four different mechanisms of multiphoton excitation (i) direct, (ii) Goeppert-Mayer (iii) quasi-resonant stepwise and (iv) incoherent stepwise. Full lines (right) represent the coupling path between the energy levels and broken arrows the photon energies with angular frequency to (Aco is the frequency width of the excitation light in the case of incoherent excitation), see also [111].

Figure C 1.2.9. Schematic representation of photo induced electron transfer events in fullerene based donor-acceptor arrays (i) from a TTF donor moiety to a singlet excited fullerene and (ii) from a mthenium excited MLCT state to the ground state fullerene.

Figure C2.1.13. (a) Schematic representation of an entangled polymer melt, (b) Restriction of tire lateral motion of a particular chain by tire otlier chains. The entanglement points tliat restrict tire motion of a chain define a temporary tube along which tire chain reptates.

Figure C2.1.15. Schematic representation of tire typicai compiiance of a poiymer as a function of temperature. (C) VOGEL-FULCHER AND WILLIAMS-LANDEL-FERRY EQUATIONS...

Figure C2.1.18. Schematic representation of tire time dependence of tire concentration profile of a low-molecular-weight compound sorbed into a polymer for case I and case II diffusion. In botli diagrams, tire concentration profiles are calculated using a constant time increment starting from zero. The solvent concentration at tire surface of tire polymer, x = 0, is constant.

Figure C2.7.12. Stmcture of zeolite ZSM-5 (a) framework, (b) schematic representation of pores.

Figure C2.7.13. Schematic representation of diffusion and reaction in pores of HZSM-5 zeolite-catalysed toluene disproportionation the numbers are approximate relative diffusion coefficients in the pores 1131.

A more effective carrier confinement is offered by a double heterostructure in which a thin layer of a low-gap material is sandwiched between larger-gap layers. The physical junction between two materials of different gaps is called a heterointerface. A schematic representation of the band diagram of such a stmcture is shown in figure C2.l6.l0. The electrons, injected under forward bias across the p-n junction into the lower-bandgap material, encounter a potential barrier AE at the p-p junction which inliibits their motion away from the junction. The holes see a potential barrier of... 

Figure C2.18.1. Schematic representation of various resuits of etching tiirough a mask. The regions marked by ietters are defined and described in tire text.

Figure C2.18.2. Schematic representations of various experimentai configurations for piasma etching, (a) Reactive ion etching (RIE). (b) Eiectron cyciotron resonance etching (ECR). (c) Chemicaiiy assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE). The configurations are described in tire text.

Figure C3.2.18.(a) Model a-helix, (b) hydrogen bonding contacts in tire helix, and (c) schematic representation of tire effective Hamiltonian interactions between atoms in tire protein backbone. From [23].

We have seen (Section I) that there are two types of loops that are phase inverting upon completing a round hip an i one and an ip one. A schematic representation of these loops is shown in Figure 10. The other two options, p and i p loops do not contain a conical intersection. Let us assume that A is the reactant, B the desired product, and C the third anchor. In an ip loop, any one of the three reaction may be the phase-inverting one, including the B C one. Thus, the A B reaction may be phase preserving, and still B may be attainable by a photochemical reaction. This is in apparent contradiction with predictions based on the Woodward-Hoffmann rules (see Section Vni). The different options are summarized in Figure 11. 

Figure 7-18. Schematic representation of the LCAO scheme in a, T-only calculation for ethylene, The AOs

Reaction databases contain a wealth of reactions performed in the laboratory and published in the literature, i.c., in contrast to the transform libraries of synthesis design programs they contain raw, uninterpreted reaction information. In Figure 10,3-41 a schematic representation of a reaction in a reaction database is given. 

Figure 10.3-41. Schematic representation of a reaction in a reaction database.

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