Schematic representation of liquid

Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of liquid-phase microdroplet extraction setup. (1) Stir bar (2) sample solution (3) ionic liquid microdroplet (4) polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE) tube (5) septum (6) microsyringe. (Adapted from Liu, J.-R, Chi, Y.-G., Jiang, G.-B., Tai, C., Peng, J.-R, and Hu, J.-T., /. Chromatogr. A, 1026,143-147, 2004.)...

Fig. 16 Schematic representation of liquid crystalline crown ethers with a central phthalocyanine core...

Figure 5.4 Schematic representation of liquid-liquid extraction on a chip with a square recess (150 pm long, 100 pm wide, and 25 pm deep with a shrunken opening of 50 pm width) fabricated in the channel walls of the chip [79].

FIGURE 21.3 Schematic representation of liquid velocity distribution u x) (b) as well as potential distribution il/ x) (a) around a soft particle, and the electrophoretic mobibty /r as a function of electrolyte concentration n (c). 

COLOR FIGURE 23.11 Schematic representation of liquid film at the surface of a hollow fiber. (Erom Wickramasinghe, S.R. and Han, B. Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 83(A3), 256, 2005. With permission.)... 

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of liquid crystalline structure of nematic polymer liquid crystal. Solid rods represent directors.

FIGURE 18 Schematic representation of liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of enthalpic interactions. The adsorption retention mechanism is exemplified. Narrow zone of retention promoting zone, barrier B is injected in front of sample. For further e q)lanation, see the text. 

FIGURE 6.17 Schematic representation of liquid number density profiles (a) at a vapor-liquid interface 2 is a measure of the molecular-scale surface roughness (b) in the vicinity of a wall-liquid interface (c) between two hard walls at a distance d. (Reprinted from Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 3rd ed., Israelachvili, J.N. Copyright 2010, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Figure 2.2. Schematic representation of liquid chromatography experiment.

Schematic representation of liquid crystal molecules considering orientation and position at different temperature ranges. Below (melting temperature) the molecules present long-range orientational and positional order. Both of them are lost above f (clearing temperature), where an isotropic liquid is achieved.

Figure 8 Schematic representation of liquid and solid (glass and crystal) heat capacities of a polymer. On isothermal crystallization at T. a decrease in Cf, is expected with time.

Figure 4.3b is a schematic representation of the behavior of S and V in the vicinity of T . Although both the crystal and liquid phases have the same value of G at T , this is not the case for S and V (or for the enthalpy H). Since these latter variables can be written as first derivatives of G and show discontinuities at the transition point, the fusion process is called a first-order transition. Vaporization and other familiar phase transitions are also first-order transitions. The behavior of V at Tg in Fig. 4.1 shows that the glass transition is not a first-order transition. One of the objectives of this chapter is to gain a better understanding of what else it might be. We shall return to this in Sec. 4.8. 

Fig. 12. Schematic representation of solid-like (crystalline), amorphous solid, and liquid-like surface layers (reproduced from [87], copyright American Chemical Society).

Figure 7.8 is a schematic representation of the path diagram for the liquid sources. 

Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of an on-column interface. The eluent leaving the HPLC detector enters the valve and in the stand-hy position, leaves it to go to waste. When the valve is switched on, the eluent is pumped through the transfer line into the inlet of the on-column injector. The liquid floods the capillary wall, thus creating a layer that will retain the solutes. Evaporation occurs from the rear pait of the solvent so refocusing the chromatographic hand. At the end of the transfer, the valve is switched off, and the eluent again flows to waste.

Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of a loop-interface scheme for concunent eluent evaporation. The sample is first loaded in a loop and then, after switching the valve, directed by the caiiier into the GC column. The solvent evaporates from the front end of the liquid, thus causing band broadening. Since the column is not flooded, very large amount of liquid can be inti oduced.

Figure 2.17 Schematic representation of the set-up used for on-line liquid-liquid exti action coupled with capillary GC when using a membrane phase separator. Reprinted from Journal of High Resdution Chromatography, 13, E. C. Goosens et al., Determination of hexachloro-cyclohexanes in gi ound water by coupled liquid-liquid extraction and capillaiy gas cliro-matography , pp. 438-441, 1990, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

Figure 5.2 Schematic representation of the final column-switching system (a) foi ward-flush position (b) back-flush position (further details are given in the text). Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 828, A. K. Sakhi et al. Quantitative determination of endogenous retinoids in mouse embiyos by high-performance liquid cliromatography with on-line solid-phase exti action, column switcliing and electi ochemical detection , pp. 451 -460, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Feed solution Liquid membrane Receiving solution Fig. 5-1. Schematic representation of a liquid membrane for chiral separation. 

Fig. 5-13. Schematic representation of the Akzo Nobel enantiomer separation process. Two liquids containing the opposing enantiomers of the chiral selector (FI and K) are flowing countercurrently through the column (4) and are kept separated by the liquid membrane (3). The racemic mixture to be separated is added to the middle of the system (1), and the separated enantiomers are recovered from the outflows of the column (2a and 2b) [64],...

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the microstructure and cross-sectional view of a liquid crystEilline copolyester fiber [33].

Fig. 8 Schematic representation of grain structure in the presence of grain-boundary liquid phases.

Fig. 27 a and b. Schematic representation of the molecular structure of a side chain polymeric liquid crystals b polymer model membranes studied by 2H NMR... 

TABLE 2.14 Schematic Representation of Three Main Categories of Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs)... 

Fig. 2.8 Schematic representation of an experimental set-up for a liquid metal impingement/stagnation flow. Reprinted from Miner and Ghoshal (2004) with permission...

Figure 1.14 Schematic representation of a stirred vessel (left) and a T-shaped micro reactor (right). Both devices can be used for liquid/liquid and for gas/liquid reactions. The length scales indicate typical physical dimensions.

Figure 8.4 (a) Atypical molecule that behaves as lyotropic liquid crystal (b) schematic representation of a plate-shaped micelle (c) a spherical micelle (d) a cylindrical micelle. 

Fig. 5 Schematic representation of the molecular arrangement in A main-chain and B side-chain liquid crystal polymers...

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the 13C (or 15N) spin-lattice relaxation times (7"i), spin-spin relaxation (T2), and H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (Tlp) for the liquid-like and solid-like domains, as a function of the correlation times of local motions. 13C (or 15N) NMR signals from the solid-like domains undergoing incoherent fluctuation motions with the correlation times of 10 4-10 5 s (indicated by the grey colour) could be lost due to failure of attempted peak-narrowing due to interference of frequency with proton decoupling or magic angle spinning.

Figure 17 Schematic representation of heterogeneous portions of curdlan hydrogel (left) (A) liquid-like portion, (B) portion of intermediate mobility, and (C) triple-helical cross-links in the solid-like portion and crystallites as additional cross-links, and branched glucans (triple helical chains) (right). From Ref. 117 with permission.

Figure 15.2 shows the schematic representation of a typical ToF-SIMS device. All the system is placed under high vacuum (typically 10 7 torr) to avoid interactions between ions and air molecules. Primary ions are produced by a liquid metal ion gun and then focused on the sample to a spot with a typical size of less than 1 pm. After they impinge the surface, secondary ions are extracted and analysed by the ToF analyser. To synchronize the ToF analyser, the primary ion beam must be in pulsed mode. 

Figure 9.4. Schematic representation of carrier-mediated metal-ion transport through a liquid membrane (A = anion).

Fig. 5 Schematic representation of LAJs based on liquid metal electrodes, (a) The two Hg drops junction. The drops are extruded from two microsyringes and covered singularly by similar or different SAMs before being brought in contact, (b) An Hg-drop electrode covered by SAM(l) (usually formed by hexadecane thiol) is brought in electrical contact with a SAM(2) formed on a solid metal surface, (c) A drop of In/Ga eutectic alloy (E-Gain) contacts a SAM formed on a solid electrode surface...

FIGURE 5.7 Schematic Representation of typical, (partially) electroluminescent LC polymer architectures. (a) Rodlike structure, (b) Hairy-rod structure, (c) Combined main-chain-side-chain system, (d) Semiflexible segmented structure, (e) Semiflexible segmented structure with disklike mesogen. (After Weder, C. and Smith, P., Main-chain liquid-crystalline polymers for optical and electronic devices, in Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Technology, Buschow, K.H., Cahn, R.W., Flemings, M.C., Ilschner, B., Kramer, E.J., and Mahajan, S., Eds., Elsevier Science, New York, 2001.)... 

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the convective-diffusion problem for an active plane parallel to the direction of flow dealt with in Section 4.1. The liquid flow extends up to a — oo, where its free velocity is v in the direction of increasing y. The leading edge of the plane is the segment x — 0, y — 0, 0 < z

Schematic representation of a bubble column with cocurrent flow of gas and liquid...

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