Pressure schematic representation

Figure A2.5.2. Schematic representation of the behaviour of several thennodynamic fiinctions as a fiinction of temperature T at constant pressure for the one-component substance shown in figure A2.5.1. (The constant-pressure path is shown as a dotted line in figure A2.5.1.) (a) The molar Gibbs free energy Ci, (b) the molar enthalpy n, and (c) the molar heat capacity at constant pressure The fimctions shown are dimensionless...

Figure 8.7 Schematic representation of an osmotic pressure experiment.

Pig. 22. Schematic representation of typical pressure drop as a function of superficial gas velocity, expressed in terms of G = /9q tiQ, in packed columns. O, Dry packing , low Hquid flow rate I, higher Hquid flow rate. The points do not correspond to actual experimental data, but represent examples. 

Fig. 2. Schematic representation for the two-film theory of gas transfer = partial pressure of gas Pj = partial pressure of the gas at the interface Cj = concentration of gas at time t, Cj = initial concentration of gas at the interface Cg = initial concentration of gas at t = 0 and S = gas saturation.

Figure 7 is a schematic representation of a section of a cascade. The feed stream to a stage consists of the depleted stream from the stage above and the enriched stream from the stage below. This mixture is first compressed and then cooled so that it enters the diffusion chamber at some predetermined optimum temperature and pressure. In the case of uranium isotope separation the process gas is uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] UF. Within the diffusion chamber the gas flows along a porous membrane or diffusion barrier. Approximately one-half of the gas passes through the barrier into a region... 

The electrical Itw-pressure impactor (ELPl) has been developed, using the Berner-type multijet low-pressure impactor stages. The cut sizes of the seven channel system range from 0.030 to 1.0 pm. Real-time measurements can be achieved due to the instrument s fast time response. The schematic representation of the impactor construction is shown in Fig 13.44. 

Figure 9.6 Schematic representation and exampies of various chain metasilicates (SiO with repeat distances (in pm) after i, 2,. 7. 9 or 12 tetrahedra (T), ((ht) high-temperature form (hp) high-pressure form].

Figure 10.4 Schematic representation of the multidimensional GC-IRMS system developed by Nitz et al. (27) PRl and PR2, pressure regulators SV1-SV4, solenoid valves NV— and NV-I-, needle valves FID1-FID3, flame-ionization detectors. Reprinted from Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 15, S. Nitz et al, Multidimensional gas cliro-matography-isotope ratio mass specti ometiy, (MDGC-IRMS). Pait A system description and teclinical requirements , pp. 387-391, 1992, with permission from Wiley-VCFI.

Figure 7.10 Schematic representation of the apparatus for measuring osmotic pressure. The flow of solvent through the semipermeable membrane is followed by observing the movement of the meniscus of the flow indicator. The osmotic pressure II is the pressure that must be applied to the solution to prevent the flow.

Fig. 10. Schematic representation of variations in rate of dehydration with prevailing water vapour pressure for certain crystalline hydrates. This is an example of Smith Topley behaviour. (Based on observations [64] for the dehydrations of CUSO4 5 H20 and MnC2C>4 2 H20.)...

Fig. 12. Schematic representation of variations in dehydration rates (ft) with prevailing water vapour pressure (Ph2o) These examples include Smith—Topley behaviour and indicate correlations with phase stability diagrams. (After Bertrand et al. [596], reproduced with permission, from Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Clemistry.)...

FIGURE 17.25 A schematic representation of one type of nuclear reactor in which water acts as a moderator for the nuclear reaction. In this pressurized water reactor (PWR), the coolant is water under pressure. The fission reactions produce heat, which hoi Is water in the steam generator the resulting steam turns the turbines that generate electricity. 

Fig. 20 Schematic representation of an eiectric spark discharge chamber for the activation of gases at normal atmospheric pressure for the production of fluorescence in substances separated by thin-layer chromatography [2],...

Schematic representation of the experimental setup is shown in Fig 1.1. The electrochemical system is coupled on-line to a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Balzers QMS 311 or QMG 112). Volatile substances diffusing through the PTFE membrane enter into a first chamber where a pressure between 10 1 and 10 2 mbar is maintained by means of a turbomolecular pump. In this chamber most of the gases entering in the MS (mainly solvent molecules) are eliminated, a minor part enters in a second chamber where the analyzer is placed. A second turbo molecular pump evacuates this chamber promptly and the pressure can be controlled by changing the aperture between both chambers. Depending on the type of detector used (see below) pressures in the range 10 4-10 5 mbar, (for Faraday Collector, FC), or 10 7-10 9 mbar (for Secondary Electrton Multiplier, SEM) may be established.

The pulse technique may also be conveniently extended to include stages of reactant preparation. Figure 9 shows a schematic representation of a pulse reactor system recently used by Gault et al. (81), which includes stages for alcohol (the reactant precursor) dehydration and subsequent olefin hydrogenation, the resulting saturated hydrocarbon being the material of catalytic interest. A method has been described (82) which allows the use of a pulse reactor at above atmospheric pressure. 

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the Langmuir film balance used for the measurement of pressure-area monolayer film properties. Reprinted with permission from Arnett et al., 1989. Copyright 1989 American Chemical Society.

A number of factors must be taken into account when the diagrammatic representation of mixed proton conductivity is attempted. The behavior of the solid depends upon the temperature, the dopant concentration, the partial pressure of oxygen, and the partial pressure of hydrogen or water vapor. Schematic representation of defect concentrations in mixed proton conductors on a Brouwer diagram therefore requires a four-dimensional depiction. A three-dimensional plot can be constructed if two variables, often temperature and dopant concentration, are fixed (Fig. 8.18a). It is often clearer to use two-dimensional sections of such a plot, constructed with three variables fixed (Fig. 8.18h-8.18<7). 

Figure 8.19 Schematic representation of the variation of the defect concentrations in BaPrj- YbjOs-s as a function of dopant concentration, assuming fixed temperature, water, and oxygen pressure. The electroneutrality equation used is [h ] = [YbPr]. [Adapted from data in S. Mimuro, S. Shibako, Y. Oyama, K. Kobayashi, T. Higuchi, S. Shin, and S. Yamaguchi, Solid State Ionics, 178, 641-647 (2007).]...

The experimental constant-pressure heat capacity of copper is given together with the Einstein and Debye constant volume heat capacities in Figure 8.12 (recall that the difference between the heat capacity at constant pressure and constant volume is small at low temperatures). The Einstein and Debye temperatures that give the best representation of the experimental heat capacity are e = 244 K and D = 315 K and schematic representations of the resulting density of vibrational modes in the Einstein and Debye approximations are given in the insert to Figure 8.12. The Debye model clearly represents the low-temperature behaviour better than the Einstein model. 

Figure 8. Surface pressure - area isotherms for stearylamine before (a) and after (b) adsorption of IgG at pH 8, 20 °C, and schematic representation for IgG molecule adsorbed to stearylamine monolayer.

Figure 8. (A) Schematic representation of the shape of the function f(rt). The arrows represent the first order like phase transition effect. The two straight lines are f(tt) = 17.5tt + 20.0 and f(n) = O.Olrc, respectively. (B) Schematic representation of the relationship between the surface pressure (ji) and the effective concentration of surfactant at the air/water interface (T f). The solid and dashed lines represent the expected and ideal relationships, respectively.

Schematic representation of the pressure and temperature conditions in the Earth...

Figure 11. Schematic representation of a laser heating experiment in the DAC. The IR laser beam is directed onto the absorbing sample immersed in a compression medium acting also as thermal insulator. The thermal emission of the sample is employed for the temperature measurement, while the local pressure is obtained by the ruby fluorescence technique (see next section).

Figure 5.1. Schematic representation of an isothermal reversible expansion from pressure Pi to pressure P2. The external pressure is maintained only infinitesimally less than the internal pressure.

Figure 2.6. Schematic representation of the depletion mechanism. Because micelles are excluded from the gap, a depletion force takes place and is calculated by integrating the uncompensated osmotic pressure over the accessible surface.

Figure 5.4 Schematic representation of a cylindrical pressure vessel and calculation of the radial, longitudinal and tangential stress.

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