Separation schematic representation

Figure Bl.15.8. (A) Left side energy levels for an electron spin coupled to one nuclear spin in a magnetic field, S= I =, gj >0, a<0, and a l 2h)<(a. Right side schematic representation of the four energy levels with )= Mg= , Mj= ). +-)=1, ++)=2, -)=3 and -+)=4. The possible relaxation paths are characterized by the respective relaxation rates W. The energy levels are separated horizontally to distinguish between the two electron spin transitions. Bottom ENDOR spectra shown when a /(21j)< ca (B) and when co < a /(2fj) (C).

Figure B2.5.5. Schematic representation of a shock-tube apparatus. The diapliragm d separates the high-...

Figure 8.2b is a schematic representation of versus X2 for a system which shows a miscibility gap. Any attempt to prepare a mixture between P and Q in composition will result in separation into the two phases P and Q at equilibrium. 

Figure 7 is a schematic representation of a section of a cascade. The feed stream to a stage consists of the depleted stream from the stage above and the enriched stream from the stage below. This mixture is first compressed and then cooled so that it enters the diffusion chamber at some predetermined optimum temperature and pressure. In the case of uranium isotope separation the process gas is uranium hexafluoride [7783-81-5] UF. Within the diffusion chamber the gas flows along a porous membrane or diffusion barrier. Approximately one-half of the gas passes through the barrier into a region... 

Fig. 17. Schematic representation of a commercial separation element tube manufactured by the Messerschmitt-Birlkow-Blohm Company, Munich. Terms...

Fig. 18. Separation of ethanol from an ethanol—water—benzene mixture using benzene as the entrainer. (a) Schematic representation of the azeo-column (b) material balance lines where I denotes the homogeneous and the heterogeneous azeotropes D, the end points of the Hquid tie-line and A, the overhead vapor leaving the top of the column. The distillate regions, I, II, and III, and the boundaries are marked. Other terms are defined in text.

Figure 5.5. Schematic representation of compatible and incompatible systems, (a) Fab Fab - Fbb Mixture compatible, (b) Faa bb > ab- Molecules separate...

Figure 11.1 Schematic representation of a membrane separation unit...

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the chromatographic separation of carboxylic acids. Maleic acid (1), pimelic acid (2), succinic acid (3), benzoic acid (4), malic acid (5), tartaric acid (6), lactic acid (7), stearic acid (8), arachidic acid (9), suberic acid (10), mixture (M).

FIGURE 18.5 Schematic representation of types of multienzyme systems carrying out a metabolic pathway (a) Physically separate, soluble enzymes with diffusing intermediates, (b) A multienzyme complex. Substrate enters the complex, becomes covalently bound and then sequentially modified by enzymes Ei to E5 before product is released. No intermediates are free to diffuse away, (c) A membrane-bound multienzyme system. 

Figure 2.17 Schematic representation of the set-up used for on-line liquid-liquid exti action coupled with capillary GC when using a membrane phase separator. Reprinted from Journal of High Resdution Chromatography, 13, E. C. Goosens et al., Determination of hexachloro-cyclohexanes in gi ound water by coupled liquid-liquid extraction and capillaiy gas cliro-matography , pp. 438-441, 1990, with permission from Wiley-VCH.

A method which uses supercritical fluid/solid phase extraction/supercritical fluid chromatography (SE/SPE/SEC) has been developed for the analysis of trace constituents in complex matrices (67). By using this technique, extraction and clean-up are accomplished in one step using unmodified SC CO2. This step is monitored by a photodiode-array detector which allows fractionation. Eigure 10.14 shows a schematic representation of the SE/SPE/SEC set-up. This system allowed selective retention of the sample matrices while eluting and depositing the analytes of interest in the cryogenic trap. Application to the analysis of pesticides from lipid sample matrices have been reported. In this case, the lipids were completely separated from the pesticides. 

Figure 10.14 Schematic representation of the SFSPE/SFC set-up developed by Murugaverl and Vooi hees (67). Reprinted from Journal of Microcolumn Separation, 3, B. Mumgaverl and K. J. Vooi hees, On-line supercritical fluid exti aaion/chromatography system for ti ace analysis of pesticides in soybean oil and rendered fats , pp. 11-16, 1991, with permission from John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Figure 14.8 shows a detailed schematic representation of a natural gas analysis System, which fully complies with GPA standardization (8). This set-up utilizes four packed columns in connection with a TCD and one capillary column in connection with an FID. The contents of both sample loops, which are connected in series, are used to perform two separate analyses, one on the capillary column and one on the packed columns. The resulting chromatograms are depicted in Figure 14.9. 

Feed solution Liquid membrane Receiving solution Fig. 5-1. Schematic representation of a liquid membrane for chiral separation. 

Fig. 5-13. Schematic representation of the Akzo Nobel enantiomer separation process. Two liquids containing the opposing enantiomers of the chiral selector (FI and K) are flowing countercurrently through the column (4) and are kept separated by the liquid membrane (3). The racemic mixture to be separated is added to the middle of the system (1), and the separated enantiomers are recovered from the outflows of the column (2a and 2b) [64],...

Fig. 8-2. Schematic representation of the separation of enantiomers R and S using a supported chiral macrocyclic ligand host.

Figure 5. Schematic representation of the ft -alumina structure. The aluminum (green) and oxygen (red) ions form spinel blocks which are separated from each other by oxygen bridges. The mobile sodium ions (blue) are located in the layer. The unit cell is indicated.

We start by considering a schematic representation of a porous metal film deposited on a solid electrolyte, e.g., on Y203-stabilized-Zr02 (Fig. 5.17). The catalyst surface is divided in two distinct parts One part, with a surface area AE is in contact with the electrolyte. The other with a surface area Aq is not in contact with the electrolyte. It constitutes the gas-exposed, i.e., catalytically active film surface area. Catalytic reactions take place on this surface only. In the subsequent discussion we will use the subscripts E (for electrolyte) and G (for gas), respectively, to denote these two distinct parts of the catalyst film surface. Regions E and G are separated by the three-phase-boundaries (tpb) where electrocatalytic reactions take place. Since, as previously discussed, electrocatalytic reactions can also take place to, usually,a minor extent on region E, one may consider the tpb to be part of region E as well. It will become apparent below that the essence of NEMCA is the following One uses electrochemistry (i.e. a slow electrocatalytic reaction) to alter the electronic properties of the metal-solid electrolyte interface E. 

Fig. 20 Schematic representation of an eiectric spark discharge chamber for the activation of gases at normal atmospheric pressure for the production of fluorescence in substances separated by thin-layer chromatography [2],...

Figure 4. Schematic representation of separating motion of cation C from the reference ion A. A is another anion of the same kind, and C, plays a role of tranquilizer if the interaction of A -Ct is much stronger than that of A -C.

Figure 11.1a [1] shows a schematic representation of a micropreparative thin-layer chromatogram obtained on a 0.5-mm Florisil (magnesium silicate) layer prewetted with benzene of a crude extract, i.e., containing coextracted plant oil obtained from Heracleum moelendorfi fruit. The initial band of extract was washed with benzene and then separated by continuous development with ethyl acetate in benzene [1]. As seen from the fraction analysis presented in Figure 11.1b, small quantities of pure bergapten and xanthotoxin can be isolated in this maimer. 

FIGURE 11.33 (a) Schematic representation of 2-D PLC separation of Archangelica officinalis fruit extract, system Florisil/10% iPr20 in CH2CI2 + H (7 3) — first direction eluent, 15% AcOEt + B — second direction eluent (b) analytical HPLC of isolated fractions. System C18/MeOH + water (6 4). For abbreviations, see Figure 11.1. (For details see Waksmundzka-Hajnos, M. and Wawrzynowicz, T., J. Planar Chromatogr., 5, 169-174, 1992.)... 

Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of ore recovery process (and the accompanying separation treatments).

Scheme 2 Schematic representation of the charge separation and charge transport processes in the hairpin 3GAGG. Shading indicates excited state or radical ion species...

Fig. 8.7. Schematic representation of hierarchical clustering of the 14 objects shown in Fig. 8.6 the separation lines a and b corresponds to the clusters in 8.6a,b...

Figure 4.17 Schematic representation of an ideal system for artificial photosynthesis. The fundamental elements are present a light harvesting system, a triad for charge separation (D—P—A, Donor—Primary acceptor—Acceptor), a...

Schematic representation of the potential energy of a system comprised of three atoms in a linear configuration as a function of the internuclear separation distances. The dashed line represents the reaction X + YZ — XY+ Z.

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