Subject schematic representations

Fig. 10.12 Schematic representation of a pipewall subject to cathodic protection (see text), t , = overpotential at x 7) = overpotential at x = 0 7)p,oi = overpotential at x = a/2 1, - current line at x = current density entering line at x / = current in line at x = 0 from one side of drain point (2/ = total current drain) a = distance between the drain points...

Fig. 23. A schematic representation of the photoselectivity experiments involving (Cr -.Mo Kr = mixtures deposited at 10-12 K and then sequentially subjected...

Figure 3.4 Schematic representation of the steps involved in obtaining a two-dimensional NMR spectrum. (A) Many FIDs are recorded with incremented values of the evolution time and stored. (B) Each of the FIDs is subjected to Fourier transformation to give a corresponding number of spectra. The data are transposed in such a manner that the spectra are arranged behind one another so that each peak is seen to undergo a sinusoidal modulation with A second series of Fourier transformations is carried out across these columns of peaks to produce the two-dimensional plot shown in (C).

Figure 19.8 A schematic representation of the GABAa receptor shift hypothesis. This proposes that patients with panic disorder have dysfunctional GABAa receptors such that the actions of drugs that behave as antagonists in normal subjects are expressed as inverse agonism in panic patients. It is unlikely that this theory extends to generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), for which benzodiazepine agonists are highly effective treatments, but it could explain why these drugs are relatively ineffective at treating panic disorder. (Based on Nutt et al. 1990)...

Figure 8.1 Body iron stores and daily iron exchange. The figure shows a schematic representation of the routes of iron movement in normal adult male subjects. The plasma iron pool is about 4 mg (transferrin-bound iron and non-transferrin-bound iron), although the daily turnover is over 30 mg. The iron in parenchymal tissues is largely haem (in muscle) and ferritin/haemosiderin (in hepatic parenchymal cells). Dotted arrows represent iron loss through loss of epithelial cells in the gut or through blood loss. Numbers are in mg/day. Transferrin-Tf haemosiderin - hs MPS - mononuclear phagocytic system, including macrophages in spleen and Kupffer cells in liver.

Numerous books and reviews have been published on this subject (e.g. Fendler and Fendler, 1975 Mittal, 1977). Therefore, the structural characteristics of micelles will be presented only to the extent that is necessary for the subsequent discussions. These surfactants form micelles at concentrations above the cmc (critical micelle concentration). Such micelles have average radii of 12-30 A and contain 20-100 surfactant molecules. The hydrophobic part of the aggregate forms the core of the micelle while the polar head groups are located at the micellar surface. Micelles at concentrations close to their cmc are assumed to possess spherical and ellipsoidal structures (Tanford, 1973, 1978). A schematic representation of a spherical ionic micelle is shown in Fig. 1. 

Fig. 4.1. Schematic representation of deformation around a short fiber embedded in a matrix subjected to...

Fig. 32. Schematic representation of the flexo-electric effect, (a) The structure of an undeformed nematic liquid crystal with pear- and banana-shaped molecules (b) the same liquid crystal subjected to splay and bend deformations, respectively.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of a cubic trapped ion cell commonly used in FTMS. Coherent motion of ions in the cell induces an image current in the receiver plates. The time domain signal is subjected to a Fourier transform algorithm to yield a mass spectrum.

Fig. 8.1 Schematic representation of the devolatilization process. The hatched area represents the polymer melt being devolatilized, which is almost always subject to laminar flow. The bubbles shown are created by the boiling mechanism and by entrapped vapors dragged into the flowing/ circulating melt by moving surfaces.

Figure 9 Schematic representation of the shift between right- and left-handed helices of a poly isocyanate with bicycloketone chromophore pendants subjected to irradiation with r- or l-CPL or noncircularly polarized light (non-CPL).

Hydrogen bonding of the type N-H N formed between molecules of imidazole and its derivatives is closely related to a variety of biological systems and has been a subject of extensive studies using a variety of spectroscopic and diffraction techniques. In crystalline imidazole, the molecules form a one-dimensional chain of intermolecular N-H N hydrogen bonding, a schematic representation of which is shown below. 

Fig. 7.12 (a) A schematic representation of the pinning of grain boundaries by whiskers, (b) An example of the process shown in (a) in the fatigue crack tip region of the alumina/SiC composite subjected to fatigue fracture at 1400°C. From Ref. 61. A refers to alumina grains. 

Figure 7.1 Schematic representation of PCR N0 copies of duplex template DNA are subjected to n cycles of PCR. During each cycle, duplex DNA is denatured by heating, allowing primers (arrows) to anneal to the targeted sequence (hatched square). In the presence of DNA polymerase and dNTPs, the primers are extended. The desired blunt-ended duplex product (thick bars with arrows) does not appear until after the third cycle, and accumulates exponentially during subsequent cycles. After n cycles of PCR, N0 (1 + Y)""1 copies of duplex product are present. [Reprinted with permission from Cha and Thilly, PCR Methods Appl 3 S18 (1993).]...

Fig. 3 Schematic representation of various types of failure associated with the mechanical instability of a film deposited on a substrate, (a) cracking of a thin film subjected to residual tensile stress, (b) plastic deformation of the substrate at the end of the crack, (c) deviation of the crack at the interface, (d) cracking of the substrate, (e) detachment and buckling (formation of a blister from an interface defect) of a film subjected to residual compressive stress, and (f) deviation of the crack through the thickness of the film (flaking).

Figure 4 A schematic representation of the experimentai approach for time-resoived XAS measurements. XAS provides local structural and electronic information about the nearest coordination environment surrounding the catalytic metal ion within the active site of a metalloprotein in solution. Spectral analysis of the various spectral regions yields complementary electronic and structural information, which allows the determination of the oxidation state of the X-ray absorbing metal atom and precise determination of distances between the absorbing metal atom and the protein atoms that surround it. Time-dependent XAS provides insight into the lifetimes and local atomic structures of metal-protein complexes during enzymatic reactions on millisecond to minute time scales, (a) The drawing describes a conventional stopped-flow machine that is used to rapidly mix the reaction components (e.g., enzyme and substrate) and derive kinetic traces as shown in (b). (b) The enzymatic reaction is studied by pre-steady-state kinetic analysis to dissect out the time frame of individual kinetic phases, (c) The stopped-flow apparatus is equipped with a freeze-quench device. Sample aliquots are collected after mixing and rapidly froze into X-ray sample holders by the freeze-quench device, (d) Frozen samples are subjected to X-ray data collection and analysis.

Fig. 15. Conceptual development of a membane vesicle subjected to voltage pulses to create a potential difference across the membrane. (A) A1 pm-dlameter sphere of water is Imagined placed between two platinum electrodes 1 mm apart (B) The water sphere is replaced by a sphere of lipid (C) The Interior of the lipid sphere is replaced by a sphere of water, resulting in a lipid shell surrounding an aqueous medium to form the equivalent of a membrane vesicle. See text for details. (D) A schematic representation of a chloroplast thylakoid membrane containing ATP synthase to be subjected to voltage pulses and then the amount of ATP formed determined. Plots of actually measured ATP formation by voltage pulses (E) or light pulses (F) as a function of the number of pulses. (A), (B), (C), (E) and (F) from Witt (1987) Examples for the cooperation of photons, excitons, electrons, electric fields and protons in the photosynthesis membrane. Nouveau Journal deChimie 11 97 (D) adapted from Bauermeister, Schlodderand Graber(1988) Electric field-driven ATP synthesis catalyzed by the membrane-bound ATP-synthase from chloroplasts. Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem 92 1037.

Various authors have described the ways to conduct the assay (Gatehouse et al. 1994 Tweats and Gatehonse 1999) however, a schematic representation of the conduct of the assay is given in Figure 11.1 with typical appearance of Ames plates in Figure 11.2. Bactaial mutation tests have been subjected to several large-scale... 

Fig. 17.6. Schematic representation of the distribution of lead sulfate in a negative plate subjected to (a) low-rate discharge or (b) high-rate discharge.

Figure 12.1 is a schematic representation of a boiling/condensing vessel subject to a heat input (which will be negative in the case of condensing). Liquid and vapour flow into the vessel, and a liquid flow and a vapour flow are discharged by the vessel. 

Schematic representation of MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization) in conjunction with mass spectromety. A protein salt is mixed into a matrix that is subjected to pulsed laser beams. Small volumes of matrix-bound proteins are aerosolized and stripped of matrix molecules under high vacuum.

Figure 9.3 Schematic representation of electrochemical conditions in the cathodic and anodic zones of reinforcement in non-carbonated and chloride-free concrete that is subject to stray current...

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