Solubilization schematic representation

Fig. 18. Schematic representation of the intracellular enzymatic solubilization of a Gd(III)-based insoluble particles phagocytized by a macropahge.

Fig. 45 Schematic representation of solubilization of pyrene in hydrophobic patches of a menger micelle, the exposure of the hydrophobic tail to water results in formation of hydrophobic patches at the micellar surface...

In order to be exploitable for extraction and purification of proteins/enzymes, RMs should exhibit two characteristic features. First, they should be capable of solubilizing proteins selectively. This protein uptake is referred to as forward extraction. Second, they should be able to release these proteins into aqueous phase so that a quantitative recovery of the purified protein can be obtained, which is referred to as back extraction. A schematic representation of protein solubilization in RMs from aqueous phase is shown in Fig. 2. In a number of recent publications, extraction and purification of proteins (both forward and back extraction) has been demonstrated using various reverse micellar systems [44,46-48]. In Table 2, exclusively various enzymes/proteins that are extracted using RMs as well as the stability and conformational studies of various enzymes in RMs are summarized. The studies revealed that the extraction process is generally controlled by various factors such as concentration and type of surfactant, pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase, concentration and type of CO-surfactants, salts, charge of the protein, temperature, water content, size and shape of reverse micelles, etc. By manipulating these parameters selective sepa-... 

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of mechanism of protein solubilization into reverse micellar phase from aqueous phase. (Reproduced from [45] with permission of Elsevier Science)...

Fig. 4. a Schematic representation of protein solubilization in reverse micelles indicating the main geometrical parameters, b The protein-filled reverse micelle seen as a system of two interacting concentric microcapacitors. (Reproduced from [172] with permission of American Chemical Society)... 

Figure 15.8 Schematic representation of the proposed mechanisms for mode of action of OBPs in the perireceptor events. Pheromone (or other semiochemicals) enters the sensillar lymph through cuticular openings (pore tubules), is solubilized by an odorant-binding protein, transported to the olfactory receptors, and protected from degrading enzymes. Interaction with negatively charged sites at the surface of the dendrites triggers a conformational change that leads to the formation of a C-terminal a-helix. The insertion of this helix into the binding cavity ejects the pheromone to the olfactory receptors.

Figure 11 Schematic representation of techniques used for solubilized and immobilized affinity ligands in polyacrylamide gels. (A) Solubilized ligand method the ligand can move freely in the gel-buffer system. (B) Macroligand method the solution of acrylamide contains the macroligand that becomes entrapped within the gel matrix after polymerization. (C) Chemically bound ligand direct copolymerization of polyacrylamide gel with the copolymerizable derivative of the ligand. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 13.)...

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the solubilization of nonane (upper left), n-pentanol (lower left) and a small ionic species (right) by a spherical ionic micelle (Kavanau, 1965).

Figure 2. Schematic representation of physicochemical phenomena affecting microbial mineralization of nonionic-surfactant-solubilized HOC in soil-aqueous systems (not drawn to scale).

HGURE 3.7 (fii Schematic representation of a polymer chain showing unsaturated (it) and solubilizing (sub) units. 

Figure 12 Schematic representation of the purification of elastin-mimetic polypeptides and polypeptide fusions using the inverse temperature cycling procedure. (A) Bacterial cell transformation and culture (B) isolation of cell pellet (C) cell lysis, (D) isolation of insoluble fraction (E) purification of elastin-mimetic polypeptides through repetitive cycles of solubilization at 4 C and precipitation at 25-37 °C and (F) isolation of purified elastin derivative.

Fig. 2 Polyenes and the 2 state, (a) Schematic representation of the singlet 2Ag state in a polyene, showing its equivalent description either as a triplet-triplet or as soliton-antisoliton pair. Adapted from ref. 33. (b) Polyene-type structures discussed in the text. 1 Polydiacetylene [34,35], 2 Poly(diethyldipropargylmalonate) 136], 3 Poly(3-dodecylthienyl-enevinylene) [37], 4 Polyibenzodithiophene thiophene dioxide) [38]. R-groups denote solubilizing chains, (c) Models of singlet fission in polyenes, mediated by formation of 2Ag (left) or directly from IBu (right).

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of t5rpical EL poisoner architectures, (a) Plain, conjugated main chain, (b) hairy-rod structure, (c) semiflexible, segmented structure, and (d) nonconjugated poljmier with conjugated side chains, tt-conjugated moiety . flexible segment and solubilizing side chain.

Figure 19.3a is the schematic representation of the GAS process. In this process, the solute is first dissolved in a liquid organic solvent or solvent mixture, and carbon dioxide gas is introduced to precipitate the solutes. The CO2 gas used as the antisolvent does not have to be at supercritical condition. It is injected into the solution in a closed chamber, preferably from the bottom, in order to obtain uniform mixing. As a result of dissolution of CO2 gas in organic solvent, the solubilization power of the solvent is reduced causing the precipitation of solutes. The particles produced are washed with additional antisolvent to remove the remainder of the solvent. 

SANS has been used widely to study the way in which these molecules self-assemble into aggregates (micelles, microemulsions etc.) in aqueous media [4, 26, 27]. The possibility of forming analogous micelles in SCFs has been debated for a decade [28,29] and has subsequently been demonstrated via SANS [30, 31], SAXS [32], and other techniques [33]. These micelles consist of a CO2-phobic core surrounded by a C02-philic (fluoropolymer) shell and Fig. 7.4 shows a schematic representation of such micellar aggregates both in aqueous and in C02-based systems. SANS has illustrated the way in which polystyrene may be solubilized by means of polystyrene-poly(fluorooctyl acrylate) (PS-PFOA) stabilizers, which form... 

Figure 9.1. Schematic representation of the interior of an oil-in-water direct micelle, with the corresponding radial distributions of polar heads, local permittivity and water penetration. The region with partial water penetration is known as the palisade layer. The polar layer contains the head-groups, the non-dissociated counterions and the water bound to head-groups included in the excluded volume of the micelles. The core of the micelle is pure liquid hydrocarbon. Four environments are hence available for solubilization, namely hydrophobic core (C), palisade layer (P), polar layer (H) and bulk solvent (B)...

Figure 9.6. Schematic representation of the maximum of water solubilization in water-in-oil microemulsions limited by curvature or by attraction between the droplets. For a sufficiently strong attractive droplet interaction, a liquid-gas phase separation between a micellar-rich and a micellar-poor phase occurs (b). For small attractive interactions, the microemulsion will de-mix with an excess of water because of the curvature effect - this mechanism is called the emulsification failure (a). (Reprinted with permission from ref. (32), copyright 1987, the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science)...

Figure 9.9. Schematic representation of the different localization states of a hydrophobic solute in a microemulsion. The solute could be solubilized in the oil microdomain or at the interface. The interfacial surfactant area is noted as a and the curvature radius as R. This schematic represents the case of a nonionic surfactant where the hydration of the polar head is temperature (r)-dependant. With the pseudo-phase model, the solute concentration is considered over the volume occupied by the tails of the surfactant, whereas in the surfactant monolayer model, the binding of the solute into the surfactant monolayer is considered...

The ionization by light at 347.1 nm (3.57 eV energy) of phenothiazine incorporated in NaLS micelles in water has been attributed to the rapid tunnelling of an electron from excited phenothiazine through the double layer into unoccupied electronic redox levels of the system aq/cj [57]. This photoionization is promoted by co-solubilization of duroquinone which prevents ejection of electrons from the phenothiazine into the water phase. It is suggested [57] that the phenothiazine/water/quinone/micelle system offers a simple model for electron transfer in photosynthetic systems and for the heterogeneous catalysis of the photodecomposition of water via the freed electrons. A schematic representation of the processes when the surfactant is anionic [58] is shown in Fig. 11.10. 

Figure 11.10 Schematic representation of photoionization and electron transfer processes in solutions of surfactant micelles containing a solubilized photoactive probe P. The electron acceptor is M" located in the Stern layer of the micelle and the electron is transferred through the Stern layer from the triplet (P ). Hydrated electrons produced by the photoionization process (a) cannot re-enter the micelle and recombine with parent cations. The most likely fate of in micellar solutions is conversion into H2 via the bimolecular reaction ...

Fig. 19.14. Schematic representation of emulsion polymerization M = solubilized monomer R = initiator, monomer or low molecular weight polymer radical.

Figure 6.4. A schematic representation of the generally accepted extraction/solubilization mechanism of phase transfer catalysis.

Fig. 2-13. Schematic two-dimensional representation of the solubilization of (b) n-nonane as a nonpolar substrate, and (c) 1-pentanol as another amphiphile, by a spherical ionic micelle (a) of an -decanoic acid salt in water.

Fig. 1 Representation of a simplified model of a spherical (Hartley) ionic micelle containing the Rh/2 catalyst. The solubilized 1-tetradecene in the core (stippled area), the tail of the tenside (CH3(CH2) CHCHy), the head (SOf), the counter ions (Na+, OH, depicted as X) schematically indicate their relative locations and not the relationship to their molecular size, distribution, number, or configuration.

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