INDEX schematic representation

Figure Bl.18.6. Schematic representation of Zemike s phase contrast method. The object is assumed to be a relief grating in a transparent material of constant index of refraction. Phase and amplitude are varied by the Zemike diaphragm, such that an amplitude image is obtained whose contrast is, m principle, adjustable.

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of a crystal surface inclined at a small angle to a low-index crystallographic orientation.

Fig-3. Schematic representation of the Penn West Cardium C02 EOR project together with the time evolution of the calcite saturation index. The horizontal line in each SI figure represents an SI of 0. The maximum SI on each figure is 0.8 and the minimum is -0.4, with the exception of well 08-11 with a maximum SI of 0.4 and a minimum of-1.6. 

For our purpose, it is convenient to classify the measurements according to the format of the data produced. Sensors provide scalar valued quantities of the bulk fluid i. e. density p(t), refractive index n(t), viscosity dielectric constant e(t) and speed of sound Vj(t). Spectrometers provide vector valued quantities of the bulk fluid. Good examples include absorption spectra A t) associated with (1) far-, mid- and near-infrared FIR, MIR, NIR, (2) ultraviolet and visible UV-VIS, (3) nuclear magnetic resonance NMR, (4) electron paramagnetic resonance EPR, (5) vibrational circular dichroism VCD and (6) electronic circular dichroism ECD. Vector valued quantities are also obtained from fluorescence I t) and the Raman effect /(t). Some spectrometers produce matrix valued quantities M(t) of the bulk fluid. Here 2D-NMR spectra, 2D-EPR and 2D-flourescence spectra are noteworthy. A schematic representation of a very general experimental configuration is shown in Figure 4.1 where r is the recycle time for the system. 

Figure 5.9. Dose-response profile in a population. (A) Relationship between responding patients, expressed as percentage of individuals, and plasma drug concentrations. With increasing drug concentration, the proportion of patients who derive therapeutic benefit, without concentration-limited side effect peaks, and then declines. (B) A schematic representation of dose-response curves. Typical therapeutic and lethal responses at indicated doses are evaluated in animal models to estimate therapeutic index, TI. ED50, effective dose needed to produce a therapeutic response in 50% of animals, exhibiting therapeutic response LD50, effective dose needed to produce lethal effects in 50% of animals.

Figure 15.20. Schematic representation of refractive index ellipsoids of (a) polyimide prepared on isotropic substrates, and (b) uniaxially drawn polyimide.

Figure 11. Schematic representation of the refractive index ellipsoid for a positive uniaxial material at frequency w. (Reprinted with permission from Williams, D. J. Atigew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 1984,23,690. Copyright VCH Publishers.)...

Figure 27 Schematic representation of the all-optical parallel processing in guided mode geometry and the calculated reflectance for a polymer film (1600 nm) on a silver layer (50 nm). The complex refractive index of a polymer layer is (a) 1.60, (b) 1.58, and (c) 1.60 + 0.02i.

Figure 6.14 A schematic representation of the index approach to identifying active compounds in libraries formed in solution...

Figure 8 A schematic representation of attenuated total reflectance. An incident beam propagating through an IR transparent crystal of refractive index, nj strikes the skin interface of lower refractive index, n2 at the angle 0 which is greater than the critical angle (0c = sin [na/ni]). As a result, the beam is totally internally reflected and an evanescent beam established at the interface propagates into the skin. The amplitude (A) of the wave decays exponentially with increasing distance (D) from the interface. A = (intensity at distance, D)/(intensity at interface).

Fig. 5.1. Schematic representation of a planar optical waveguide of refractive index H2, surrounded by layers of lower refractive index n emd n. The Ught, confined within the structure by TIR, travels through guided modes.

Figure 13. Schematic representation of experimental set-up for refractive index and thin film thickness determination by using the m-lines technique...

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the compensation of refractive index for phase-matching in atomic vapors.

Figure 13.30 Schematic representation of the NA of a lens. NA n,- sin(a), where n,- is the refractive index of the medium and a is one-half the acceptance angle.

Figure 3. Schematic representation of the cholesteric liquid-crystalline structure of cellulosics P=Xjn where P represents the pitch, A the reflection wavelength, and n the mean refractive index of a sheet. P>0 for a right-handed twist, and P<0 for a left-handed twist.

Figure 7.8 Schematic representation of two MWDs for polymeric protein. The lower one has an MWD shifted to higher values. It has a higher entanglement density and would be expected to have a higher strain hardening index. (From Sroan, B.S. 2007. Ph.D. thesis, Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS.)...

Fig. 4.4 Schematic representation of the planes referred to the (111), (100) and (110) low Miller index faces of face-centered cubic (fee) crystals and respective balls models...

This type of measurements can very elegantly be realized online by coupling several detectors at the end of the SEC column such as a concentration detector (refractive index detector, spectrophotometric detector, etc.) and an absolute detector measuring the molar mass or related property of the separated species such as laser light scattering detector or capillary viscometer detector. These modern sophisticated separation systems allow not only the separation of the analyzed species but also their very detailed analysis and characterization as concerns the MMD or PSD, as well as other structural and compositional characteristics of simple polymers, co-polymers, etc. A schematic representation of a procedure of SEC data treatment from an experimental chromatogram to the final MMD or PSD data is shown in Figure 8. 

Figure 8.3. Schematic representation of an ideal countercurrent heat exchanger to assess the responsiveness index.

Figure 5.10 Schematic representation of the principle of interferometry. Input light is split into different beams passing through each channel. The unmodified channel serves as reference (Channel 4). Other channels are functionalized by specific reagents (Channels 1, 2, and 3). Upon interaction with the analyte, a change in refractive index occurs in these channels, resulting in change of optical path of the light and the interference pattern at the output changes which is detected using the CCD camera.

Figure 4 Schematic representation of filter thickness, bulk refractive index, and index modulation for dielectric, holographic edge, and holographic notch. (From Ref. 84 reproduced with permission.)...

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