Schematic representation principle

Figure Bl.18.6. Schematic representation of Zemike s phase contrast method. The object is assumed to be a relief grating in a transparent material of constant index of refraction. Phase and amplitude are varied by the Zemike diaphragm, such that an amplitude image is obtained whose contrast is, m principle, adjustable.

Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the principle of design and operation of a consumble-electrode furnace for melting steels in a vacuum (1).

The principle of the measurement is described with the help of Fig. 2-7 [50]. Potential measurement is not appropriate in pipelines due to defective connections or too distant connections and low accuracy. Measurements of potential difference are more effective. Figure 3-24 contains information on the details in the neighborhood of a local anode the positions of the cathodes and reference electrodes (Fig. 3-24a), a schematic representation of the potential variation (Fig. 3-24b), and the derived values (Fig. 3-24c). Figure 2-8 should be referred to in case of possible difficulties in interpreting the potential distribution and sign. The electrical potentials of the pipeline and the reference electrodes are designated by... 

The primary reference method used for measuring carbon monoxide in the United States is based on nondispersive infrared (NDIR) photometry (1, 2). The principle involved is the preferential absorption of infrared radiation by carbon monoxide. Figure 14-1 is a schematic representation of an NDIR analyzer. The analyzer has a hot filament source of infrared radiation, a chopper, a sample cell, reference cell, and a detector. The reference cell is filled with a non-infrared-absorbing gas, and the sample cell is continuously flushed with ambient air containing an unknown amount of CO. The detector cell is divided into two compartments by a flexible membrane, with each compartment filled with CO. Movement of the membrane causes a change in electrical capacitance in a control circuit whose signal is processed and fed to a recorder. 

Figure 1.1 (see color insert) is a schematic representation of the principles of I AT. Industrial air technology (lAT) can be defined as... 

Ignoring the quite distinct functions and hydrodynamic conditions which exist in the actual mixer and settler items of the combined mixer-settler unit, it is possible, in principle, to treat the combined unit simply as a well-mixed equilibrium stage. This is done in exactly the way, as considered previously in Secs. 3.2.1 to 3.2.6. A schematic representation of an actual mixer-settler... 

Fig. 4.1. Schematic representation of heteroduplex formation and principle of DGGE. Mutant homoduplexes (M) melt at a lower denaturant concentration than non-mutant homoduplexes (N) and are consequently retarded in the gel. Heteroduplexes (N + M) melt at even lower denaturant concentrations (modified from Borresen, 1996).

Fig. 6.10 Schematic representation of the principle of the evolution of a ribozyme in a test tube. Several mutants are selected in each cycle and proliferate in the next step. Slightly modified after Culotta (1992)...

Fig. 2 (a) Schematic representation of a mechanically controlled break junction (MCBJ). The inset shows the SEM image of a nanofabricated gold bridge [40]. (b) Principle of an STM-based break junction experiment (STM-BJ)... 

Figure 6.14 Schematic representation of the principle of biospecific affinity chromatography. The chosen affinity ligand is chemically attached to the support matrix (agarose bead) via a suitable spacer arm. Only those ligands in solution that exhibit biospecific affinity for the immobilized species will be retained...

Figure 6.17 Schematic representation of the basic principles of metal chelate affinity chromatography. Certain proteins are retained on the column via the formation of coordinate bonds with the immobilized metal ion (a). The actual structure of the most commonly used metal chelator, iminodiacetic acid, is presented in (b)...

Figure 4.4. Schematic representation of the (invalid) principle of interface localization of...

Figure 9.2. Mechanisms of aminoglycoside toxicity. This schematic representation summarizes the principles of aminoglycoside toxicity discussed in the text. Treatment with the drugs leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species through a redox-active complex with iron and unsaturated fatty acid or by triggering superoxide production by way of NADPH oxidase. An excess of reactive oxygen species, not balanced by intracellular antioxidant systems, will cause an oxidative imbalance potentially severe enough to initiate cell death pathways. Augmenting cellular defenses by antioxidant therapy can reverse the imbalance and restore homeostasis to protect the cell.

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the separation principle of MEKC. An EOF/ micelle marker and three solutes differing in lipophilicity in the presence of anionic micelles in the background buffer are present. The lipophilicity increases in the sequence Sj < S2 < S3 t—migration time of EOF (nonionic solutes) S (solute) me —micelle.

FIGURE 16.9 Schematic representation of principle of the molar mass calculation from the SEC chromatogram. The linear or polynomial calibration dependence log M vs. or log M [t ] vs. Er is obtained with help of the narrow molar mass distribution calibration materials (Section 16.8.3). The heights indicate concentration of each fraction i within sample (c =hJYh. The advanced computer software considers rather the areas of segments than their heights. The molar mass for each or segment i is taken from the calibration dependence. 

Fig. 7. Schematic representation of the principle of TUNEL assay. The enzyme TdT catalyzes a template-independent addition of bromolated deoxyuridine triphosphates (Br-dUTP) to the 3 -OH ends of double- and single-stranded DNA. After Br-dUTP incorporation, DNA break sites are identified by an FITC-labeled anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody.

Fig. 8. Schematic representation of (A) the principle and (B) a system of flow injection immuno-metric assay (G4).

Fig. 4 Schematic representation of the principles of pump-probe time-resolved X-ray photodiffraction...

Figure 9. (a) Schematic representation of the five-module format of a photoactive triad which is switchable only by the simultaneous presence of a pair of ions. This design involves the multiple application of the ideas in Figure 1. The four distinct situations are shown. Note that the presence of each guest ion in its selective receptor only suppresses that particular electron transfer path. The mutually exclusive selectivity of each receptor is symbolized by the different hole sizes. All electron transfer activity ceases when both guest ions have been received by the appropriate receptors. The case is an AND logic gate at the molecular scale. While this uses only two ionic inputs, the principle established here should be extensible to accommodate three inputs or more, (b) An example illustrating the principles of part (a) from an extension of the aminomethyl aromatic family. The case shown applies to the situation (iv) in part (a) where both receptors are occupied. It is only then that luminescence is switched "on". Protons and sodium ions are the relevant ionic inputs.

A schematic representation of a laboratory apparatus for CDJP is given in Figure l.l.l. In principle, the reacting solutions are introduced into a constant temperature chamber at desired flow rates by means of peristaltic pumps. The predetermined volume of solutions in the reactor may contain stabilizing, reducing, or other agents, or it may be used to control the reaction pH. 

Figure 1.4 Schematic representation of the relationship between the shape of the potential energy well and selected physical properties. Materials with a deep well (a) have a high melting point, high elastic modulus, and low thermal expansion coefficient. Those with a shallow well (b) have a low melting point, low elastic modulus, and high thermal expansion coefficient. Adapted from C. R. Barrett, W. D. Nix, and A. S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials. Copyright 1973 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Figure 7.70 Schematic representation of the capillary pressure along its axis curve a, without exit effects curve b with exit effects. From Z. Tadmor and C. G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing. Copyright 1979 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Fig. 35. Schematic representation of the concept and principle of immortal polymerization. H-Y Protic chain transfer agent M monomer rate constants of chain transfer...

Figure 10.19 Schematic representation of the operational principle of the DNA sensor based on conformational flexibility change in the PNA probe structure stimulated by hybridization, (a) before hybridization, electron transfer between Fc and electrode is possible and (b) after hybridization, formation of the duplex rigidifies the probe structure, preventing efficient electron transfer. Reproduced by permission from Ref. 140 of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of typical in situ cells used in XRD experiments (a) general design principles (b) commercial-type X-ray in situ cell [adapted from Jung and Thomson (26)].

Figure 3. Schematic representation of a polymer single crystal, illustrating the principle of chain folding (13)...

To explore the rich consequences of Carnot s principle (4.10), let us begin by adopting the following alternative schematic representation of a Carnot cycle C ... 

Fig. 4.1. Schematic representation of die StEP process using two parental DNA sequences. (1) Denatured template DNAs are primed widi defined primers. (2) The partially extended primers produced by very brief annealing/extension randomly reanneal to different parent sequences (template switching). (3) Novel recombinants are created through multiple cycles of annealing/extension and strand switelling, hi principle, StEP is also an error-prone amplification process dial introduces additional point mutations (white circles).

---