Schematic representation based

Figure 5 RNA ligation and poiymerization. A schematic representation, based on the Class I RNA ligase ribozyme, iiiustrating that the difference between a iigase and a poiymerase iies primariiy in the substrates utilized and not in the chemistry of the reactions.

Fig. 11.27 Relationship between particle size and impact behavior for a typical super-tough thermoplastic blend. Points b and d mark lower ( ) and upper (o) ductile-brittle transitions. Schematic representation based broadly on data of Huang et al. (2006a) for a series of 80/20 rubber-toughened PA6 blends (From Bucknall and Paul (2009) reproduced with permission of Elsevier)...

FIGURE 11.1 Schematic representation (based on Figure 3.13, Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model) of the approach of an ion (right) to a charged surface (left), where an electric potential gradient is present. 

Figure C 1.2.9. Schematic representation of photo induced electron transfer events in fullerene based donor-acceptor arrays (i) from a TTF donor moiety to a singlet excited fullerene and (ii) from a mthenium excited MLCT state to the ground state fullerene.

We have seen (Section I) that there are two types of loops that are phase inverting upon completing a round hip an i one and an ip one. A schematic representation of these loops is shown in Figure 10. The other two options, p and i p loops do not contain a conical intersection. Let us assume that A is the reactant, B the desired product, and C the third anchor. In an ip loop, any one of the three reaction may be the phase-inverting one, including the B C one. Thus, the A B reaction may be phase preserving, and still B may be attainable by a photochemical reaction. This is in apparent contradiction with predictions based on the Woodward-Hoffmann rules (see Section Vni). The different options are summarized in Figure 11. 

Fig. 12. Schematic representation of the Galai particle size analyzer showing both the laser-based time-of-flight sizing equipment and the television camera...

The primary reference method used for measuring carbon monoxide in the United States is based on nondispersive infrared (NDIR) photometry (1, 2). The principle involved is the preferential absorption of infrared radiation by carbon monoxide. Figure 14-1 is a schematic representation of an NDIR analyzer. The analyzer has a hot filament source of infrared radiation, a chopper, a sample cell, reference cell, and a detector. The reference cell is filled with a non-infrared-absorbing gas, and the sample cell is continuously flushed with ambient air containing an unknown amount of CO. The detector cell is divided into two compartments by a flexible membrane, with each compartment filled with CO. Movement of the membrane causes a change in electrical capacitance in a control circuit whose signal is processed and fed to a recorder. 

Figure 12.31 Schematic representation of the molecular structure of [P(C3HMes)(02C2H4)Ph] showing the rectangular-based pyramidal disposition of the 5 atoms bonded to P the P atom is 44 pm above the C2O2 plane.

Fig. 20. Schematic representation of the unrolled major groove of the MPD 7 helix showing the first hydration shell, consisting of all solvent molecules that are directly associated with base edge N and O atoms. Base atoms are labeled N4,04, N6,06 and N7 solvent peaks are numbered. Interatomic distances are given in Aup to 3,5 A represented by unbroken lines, between 3,5-4,1 A by dotted lines. The eight circles connected by double-lines represent the image of a spermine molecule bound to phosphate groups P2 and P22. There are 20 solvent molecules in a first hydration layer associated with N- and O-atoms l58)...

Fig. 10. Schematic representation of variations in rate of dehydration with prevailing water vapour pressure for certain crystalline hydrates. This is an example of Smith Topley behaviour. (Based on observations [64] for the dehydrations of CUSO4 5 H20 and MnC2C>4 2 H20.)...

FIGURE 6-15 Schematic representation of the ion permeability modulation for cation-responsive voltammetric sensors based on negatively charged lipid membranes. Complexation of the guest cation to the phospholipid receptors causes an increase of the permeability for the anionic marker ion. (Reproduced with permission from reference 49.)... 

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic representation of the three types of anoxygenic ([1] and [2]) and oxygenic ([3]) photosynthesis found in plants and bacteria, (b) Phylogenetic tree based on 16S-rRNA sequence comparisons featuring only photo synthetic phyla. 

Figure 7.4 Comparative schematic representation of the Dj ( ) and D (—) dopamine receptor. The figure attempts to highlight the major differences between extra- and intracellular loops, especially the intracellular loops between transmembrane sections 5 and 6 and the much longer C terminal of the Dj compared with the D2 receptor. It is based on the proposed topography of Sibley and Monsma (1992). The thickened length of the D2 receptor represents the amino-acid sequence missing in the short form of the receptor. No attempt has been made to show differences in amino-acid sequencing or transmembrane topography...

Figure 19.8 A schematic representation of the GABAa receptor shift hypothesis. This proposes that patients with panic disorder have dysfunctional GABAa receptors such that the actions of drugs that behave as antagonists in normal subjects are expressed as inverse agonism in panic patients. It is unlikely that this theory extends to generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), for which benzodiazepine agonists are highly effective treatments, but it could explain why these drugs are relatively ineffective at treating panic disorder. (Based on Nutt et al. 1990)...

Fig 3 An extremely simplified and schematic representation of how three broad classes of polymer are arranged in the onion cell wall (taken from McCann and Roberts 1991 (4)). Although simplistic, the sizes and spacings of the polymers are based on direct measurements of native walls (1) and are drawn to scale. Scale bar represents 50nm. 

Fig. 3 Schematic representation of triplex form with chemical structures of base triplets of DNA and RNA triplexes. Reprinted from [80] with permission from Wiley InterScience...

FIG. 51. Schematic representation of the processes occurring in a SiH4-Hs discharge and the various particles present in the energy and material balances. (After J. Perrin, in Plasma Deposition of Amorphous Silicon-Based Materials." (G. Bruno. P. Capezzuto. and A. Madan. Eds.). Chap. 4. p. 177. Academic Press. Boston (1995).]... 

FIG. 4 (a) Latimer diagram of the water soluble zinc tetra-Af-methyl-4-pyridium porphyrin (ZnTMPyP ). (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 47.) (b) Schematic representation of a photosynthetic process based on porphyrin sensitized water-organic interface. Dotted line corresponds to the back electron-transfer process. (Reprinted from Ref. 51 with permission from Elsevier Science.)... 

FIG. 25 (a) Schematic representation for a photocatalytic mechanism based on shuttle photosensitizers at liquid-liquid interfaces. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 182. Cop5right 1999 American Chemical Society.) (b) This mechanism is compared to the photo-oxidation of 1-octanol by the heterodimer ZnTPPS-ZnTMPyP in the presence of the redox mediator ZnTPP. (From Ref. 185.)... 

Figure 7.29. (Top) Molecular representations based on X-ray structural data of the diazo compound 88N2 and the alkene product 89Z (the migrating hydrogen is shown in black in both reactant and product). (Bottom) Schematic reaction path showing the minimal structural changes in the transition from the diazo compound to the product, via the probable transition structure 88TS.

Fig. 5 Schematic representation of long distance radical cation migration in DNA. In AQ-DNA(3), irradiation of the anthraquinone group linked at the 5 -terminus leads to reaction at GG steps that are 10, 28, 46 and 55 base pairs from the charge injection site. The solid arrows indicate approximately the amount of reaction observed at each GG step. The plot shows the natural log of the normalized amount of reaction as a function of distance from the AQ. The results appear to give a linear distance dependence...

Fig. 10 Two schematic representations of a polaron-like species in DNA. In the top drawing, the base pairs of DNA are represented by the horizontal lines the sugar diphosphate backbone is represented by the vertical lines. The polaronic distortion is enclosed in the box and extends over some number of base pairs. This is shown schematically by drawing the base-pair lines closer together. In the lower figure, a specific potential po-laron is identified, AAGGAA, and the radical cation is presented as being delocalized over this sequence. Movement of the polaron from one AAGGAA sequence to the next requires thermal activation...

Fig. 2.7 Schematic representation of flow systems based on ultrasonic horn...

Figure4.2 Schematic representation ofthe main areas of application ofTi02-based photocatalysis and the organization of the present chapter.

Schematic representation of log /c-pH profiles for various types of acid-base catalysis.

Figure 42 A schematic representation of the secondary structures in ppR based on crystallographic structures reported by H. Luecke et al. (ppR PDB code 1JGJ) and V. I. Gordeliy et al. (ppR-pHtrll [1-114] PDB code 1H2S). The surface areas of the lipid bilayer are represented by grey bands. [3-13C]Ala residues are marked with squares. From Ref. 214.

Fig. 2.11. Schematic representation of a parallel tempering simulation, in which the N states of a stratified FEP calculation are run concurrently. After a predefined number of steps, iVSampie, the cells are swapped randomly across the different processors. A Metropolis-based acceptance criterion is used to determine which of the N / 2 exchanged A-states should be accepted. Pairs of boxes that fail the test are swapped back. Then additional sampling is performed until the next exchange of the replicas...

---