Schematic representation of secondary

Figure 1. Schematic representation of secondary x-ray production for (a) bulk sample and (b) thin-film sample.

FIG. 1.3 SL RNAs have similar structures and resemble U snRNAs. Schematic representation of secondary structures of SL RNAs from organisms known to carry out fra s-splicing. See text for details. 

Fig. 12. Schematic representation of secondary structure and dynamics for bR as a typical membrane protein, consisting of the C-terminal a-helix (helix G protruding from the membrane surface), its interaction with the C-D and E-F loops (dotted lines) leading to the...

Figure 20.1 Schematic representations of secondary structures commonly adopted by polypeptides.

Figure 5. Schematic representation of four-stranded )9-sheet in RpII. Observed NOEs which were used to identify this secondary structure are shown by dashed lines. Dots indicate slowly exchanging amide hydrogens.

Schematic representation of the experimental setup is shown in Fig 1.1. The electrochemical system is coupled on-line to a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Balzers QMS 311 or QMG 112). Volatile substances diffusing through the PTFE membrane enter into a first chamber where a pressure between 10 1 and 10 2 mbar is maintained by means of a turbomolecular pump. In this chamber most of the gases entering in the MS (mainly solvent molecules) are eliminated, a minor part enters in a second chamber where the analyzer is placed. A second turbo molecular pump evacuates this chamber promptly and the pressure can be controlled by changing the aperture between both chambers. Depending on the type of detector used (see below) pressures in the range 10 4-10 5 mbar, (for Faraday Collector, FC), or 10 7-10 9 mbar (for Secondary Electrton Multiplier, SEM) may be established.

Figure 10 Schematic representation of tertiary (3°), secondary (2°), and primary (1°) C atoms.

Figure 42 A schematic representation of the secondary structures in ppR based on crystallographic structures reported by H. Luecke et al. (ppR PDB code 1JGJ) and V. I. Gordeliy et al. (ppR-pHtrll [1-114] PDB code 1H2S). The surface areas of the lipid bilayer are represented by grey bands. [3-13C]Ala residues are marked with squares. From Ref. 214.

Figure 15.2 shows the schematic representation of a typical ToF-SIMS device. All the system is placed under high vacuum (typically 10 7 torr) to avoid interactions between ions and air molecules. Primary ions are produced by a liquid metal ion gun and then focused on the sample to a spot with a typical size of less than 1 pm. After they impinge the surface, secondary ions are extracted and analysed by the ToF analyser. To synchronize the ToF analyser, the primary ion beam must be in pulsed mode. 

Figure 2.3 A schematic representation of the structure of the primary (P) and secondary (SI, S2 and S3) cell walls of a softwood tracheid (ML = middle lamella).

The association of secondary structures to give super-secondary structures, which frequently constitute compactly folded domains in globular proteins, is completed by the a-a motifs in which two a-helices are packed in an anti-parallel fashion, with a short connecting loop (Figure 4.8c). Examples of these three structural domains, often referred to as folds, are illustrated in Figures 4.9—4.11. The schematic representation of the main chains of proteins, introduced by Jane Richardson, is used with the polypeptide backbone... 

Figure 3.4 Schematic representation of the most commonly employed secondary reference, the saturated calomel electrode, (SCE). Care is needed when using this electrode to ensure that the sinter does not become blocked with recrystallized KCl - a common problem.

Site of the. acidic surface oxides. The question whether the acidic surface oxides are bound to the periphery of the carbon layei-s or to the basal planes of the crystallites could be resolved by oxidation of a graphitized carbon black (46). The particles of carbon black are, at first approximation, spherical. The graphite-like crystallites show such preferential orientation that their c axis are aligned in a radial direction (64, 65). A schematic representation of this secondary structure is given in Fig. 1. On recrystallization between 2000 and 3000°, many small... 

Figure 1 Schematic representation of tomato ACS poiypeptide with marked a-heiicai and /3-strand secondary structure regions (according to PDB with entry code 1 iAX), residues criticai for cataiysis, and fragments of the poiypeptide representing the iarge and the smaii domain in the spatiai structure of enzyme. Open biocks denote a-heiicai regions and fiiied biocks, /3-strand regions. For detaiis see Sections 5.04.2.2.4 and 5.04.2.2.5.

Figure 3.24 Schematic representation of the analytical protocol (A) Capture of the ALP-loaded CNT tags to streptavidin-modified magnetic beads by a sandwich DNA hybridization (a) or Ab-Ag-Ab interaction (b). (B) Enzymatic reaction. (C) Electrochemical detection of the product of the enzymatic reaction at the CNT-modified glassy carbon electrode MB, Magnetic beads P, DNA probe 1 T, DNA target P2, DNA probe 2 Abl, first antibody Ag, antigen Ab2, secondary...

Fig. 2. Schematic representations of the common buUding blocks of folded polypeptides, the a-helrx and the /i-sheet. Typical distances between a-carbons in the folded secondary strnc-tures are shown and define the dimensions that can be used for the construction of reactive sites in single motifs. The distances between a-carbons of helices depend on the type of helix, and those of 8-sheets are very different on the concave and on the convex sides and can easily vary by an Angstrom or more...

Fig. 2. The P4-P6-domain of the group I intron of Tetrahymena thermophila. A Schematic representation of the secondary structure of the whole self-cleaving intron (modified after Cate et al. [34]). The labels for the paired regions P4 to P6 are indicated. The grey shaded region indicate the phylogenetically conserved catalytic core. The portion of the ribozyme that was crystallized is framed. B Three dimensional structure of the P4-P6 domain. Helices of the PSabc extension are packed against helices of the conserved core due to a bend of approximately 150° at one end of the molecule...

Fig. 1.7 Schematic representation of the three-isotope exchange method. Natural samples plotted on the primary mass fractionation hne (PF). Initial isotopic composition are mineral (Mo) and water (Wo) which is well removed from equilibrium with Mq in 8 0, but very close to equUibrium with Mo in 5 0. Complete isotopic equihbrium is defined by a secondary mass fractionation hne (SF) parallel to PF and passing through the bulk isotopic composition of the mineral plus water system. Isotopic compositions of partially equilibrated samples are Mf and Wf and completely equilibrated samples are Mg and Wg. Values for Me and W. can be determined by extrapolation from the measured values of M , Mf, Wo, and Wf (after Matthews et al. 1983a...

Figure 10.4. Schematic representation of the Tat protein and its functional regions, highlighting the basic RNA binding domain. The secondary structure of its RNA target, TAR, is shown. Critical residues for Tat binding within the recognition domain (highlighted) are shown in bold.

Figure 10.7. Schematic representation of the Rev protein, emphasizing its two key functional domains. The secondary structure of the RRE, highlighting the Rev biding site, is shown. Residues essential for RRE are in bold. The intervening bulge contains two non-Watson-Crick base pairs, G48 G71 and G47 A73, and a bulged base U72. ...

Fig. 15.4 shows a schematic representation of a nozzle throat area controller used in a VFDR. The mass flow rate from the nozzle attached to the primary combustion chamber (gas generator) to the secondary combustion chamber (ramburner) is changed by inserting a pintle. The high-temperature gas produced in the gas generator flows into the ramburner through the pintled nozzle. The pintle inserted into the nozzle moves forward and backward in order to alter the nozzle throat area. As the nozzle throat area is made small, the mass flow rate increases according to the concept described above. The fuel-flow rate becomes throttable by the pintled nozzle. 

Figure 5. A schematic representation of the process of deposition of cell wall components and the heterogeneous formation of protolignin macromolecule. ML, middle lamella CC, cell corner P, primary wall CML, compound middle lamella S1 S2, and S3, outer, middle, and inner layer of secondary wall H, G, and S,p-hydroxy-, guaiacyl-, and syringylpropane units.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic representation of an accelerator and a reaction chamber. Double windows are usually used to separate the accelerator and the chamber. The primary window keeps the accelerator in vacuum therefore the window material must have enough strength to bear the pressure difference of more than 1 atm. The secondary window prevents the primary window from flue gas in which acidic chemical components are produced during... 

Fig. 30. Schematic representation of the backscattered secondary-electron spectrum associated with an (isolated) external source of monoenergetic electrons of energy E. "ntis logj(E) vs. log (E) display mode emphasizes the separation of the spectrum into three parts (1) the secondary cascade which is bounded at high energies (at E p) by (2) the region of rediffused primaries which is bounded by (3) the elastic peak. At low energies the cascade is attenuated by the escape probability P(E). Auger and characteristic loss processes, among other things are not included in this idealized spectrum. (From Ref. " )...

FIGURE 100. Schematic representation of the stmctures of organomagnesium amides 255-263 derived from secondary amines... 

The model is based on the schematic representation of the commercial reactor shown in Figure le. The wafers are supported concentrically and perpendicular to the flow direction within the tube. The heats of reaction associated with the deposition reactions are small because of the low growth rates obtained with LPCVD ( 2 A/s). Furthermore, at high temperatures (1000 K) and low pressures (100 Pa), radiation is the dominant heat-transfer mechanism. Therefore, temperature differences between wafers and the furnace wall will be small. This small temperature difference eliminates the need for an energy balance. Moreover, buoyancy-driven secondary flows are unlikely. In fact, because of the rapid diffusion, the details of the flow field... 

Figure 1. Schematic representation of a secondary ion mass spectrometer.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the determinants treated in the different DDCI approaches. The different classes of external determinants are labeled by the excitation operator, = uj,, that by acting on a determinant in the reference space generates a determinant of this class. The Following labels are used i, j for inactive orbitals t, u for active orbitals a, b for secondary orbitals. The open circles denote the creation of a hole in the inactive orbitals, whereas the crosses indicate the creation of an electron in the secondary space.

Figure 10.19 General schematic representation of a supramolecular doublemutant cycle for measurement of the x-y interaction. The bold broken lines represent the major non-covalent interactions in the supramolecular complex, and the fine broken lines are the secondary effects that are cancelled in the cycle (reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry).

Figure 9.3. Schematic representation of the reactions of potassium (K) in solution, exchangeable, nonexchangeable (complex secondary minerals), and primary mineral phases in soil. [From Selim et al. (1976a), with permission.]...

FIGURE 1.19. Schematic representation of a hierarchic pattern formation in by an electric field. First, the top polymer layer is destabilized, in similarity to Fig. 1.9, leaving the lower layer essentially undisturbed. In a secondary process, the polymer of the lower layer is drawn upward along the outside of the primary polymer structure, leading to the final morphology, in which the the polymer from the lower layer has formed a mantle around the initial polymer structure. From [41]. 

Protein topology cartoons (TOPS) are two-dimensional schematic representations of protein structures as a sequence of secondary structure elements in space and direction (Flores et al, 1994 Sternberg and Thornton, 1977). The TOPS of trypsin domains as exemplified in Figure 4.9 have the following symbolisms ... 

Fig. 4 Schematic representations of the possible pathways for the construction of chiral supramolecular aggregates. A Chiral supramolecular aggregates from chiral components. B Chiral racemic supramolecular aggregates from chiral components. C Chiral enantioen-riched supramolecular aggregates from chiral components exploiting the chiral memory effect. D Chiral encapsulation achiral capsule binds an enantiopure primary guest forming a chiral space in the cavity, which is filled preferentially by one of the two enantiomers of a secondary guest...

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