Modified schematic representation

Fig. 3. The tetrahedra in the schematics represent four oxygens clustered around a siUcon. Schematic representation of (a) an ideal crystalline stmcture (Si—O—Si bond angles = 180°) (b) a simple glass (Si—O—Si bond angles = 144° according to Fig. 2) and (c) the addition of a modifier, in this case one molecule of Na20, causes the breaking of one Si—O—Si bond to form two Si—ONa linkages.

Functionalized conducting monomers can be deposited on electrode surfaces aiming for covalent attachment or entrapment of sensor components. Electrically conductive polymers (qv), eg, polypyrrole, polyaniline [25233-30-17, and polythiophene/23 2JJ-J4-j5y, can be formed at the anode by electrochemical polymerization. For integration of bioselective compounds or redox polymers into conductive polymers, functionalization of conductive polymer films, whether before or after polymerization, is essential. In Figure 7, a schematic representation of an amperomethc biosensor where the enzyme is covalendy bound to a functionalized conductive polymer, eg, P-amino (polypyrrole) or poly[A/-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2 -dithienyl]pyrrole, is shown. Entrapment of ferrocene-modified GOD within polypyrrole is shown in Figure 7. 

FIGURE 18.5 Schematic representation of types of multienzyme systems carrying out a metabolic pathway (a) Physically separate, soluble enzymes with diffusing intermediates, (b) A multienzyme complex. Substrate enters the complex, becomes covalently bound and then sequentially modified by enzymes Ei to E5 before product is released. No intermediates are free to diffuse away, (c) A membrane-bound multienzyme system. 

Figure 10.4 shows a schematic representation of the multidimensional GC-IRMS System developed by Nitz et al. (27). The performance of this system is demonstrated with an application from the field of flavour analysis. A Siemens SiChromat 2-8 double-oven gas chromatograph equipped with two FIDs, a live-T switching device and two capillary columns was coupled on-line with a triple-collector (masses 44,45 and 46) isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a high efficiency combustion furnace. The column eluate could be directed either to FID3 or to the MS by means of a modified Deans switching system . 

Figure 2 The percent recovery of the modified polymer from rat small intestine after 1 h (a), and the schematic representation of in situ loop method using rat small intestine (b).

Baker and Saleem [51] have reported on the reactive compatibilization of oxazoline modified PS and carbox-ylated polyethylene. The coupling reaction results in amide-ester linkages at the time of melt mixing. A schematic representation of the reaction is shown in Scheme 2. 

The following schematic representation of pyranose ring closure in D-glucose shows the reorientation at C-5 necessary to allow ring formation this process corresponds to the change from Fischer to modified Fischer projection. 

Figure 32-12. Schematic representation of the microsomal heme oxygenase system. (Modified from Schmid R, McDonough AF in The Porphyrins. Dolphin D [editor]. Academic Press, 1978.)...

Fig. 22 a and b. Schematic representation of the potential energy curves for a M +. L ion pair, (a) the excited pair M. L returns nonradiatively to the ground state. L. (b) in competition with the process in (a) a photochemical reaction (P products) is possible (modified from Ref. [1])... 

Figure 8.8 Series of iniiared spectra during (a) CO2 production and (b) progressive oxidation of COaj[ on Pt3Sn(l 11) in 0.5 M H2SO4 saturated with CO each spectrum was accumulated ftom 50 interferometers at the potential indicated, (c, d) LEED pattern and schematic representation of the p(4 X 4) structure observed on PtsSnflll) after exposing the surface to O2 and electrolyte. The gray dicles are Pt surface atoms, the black circles are Sn atoms covered with OH, and the dotted circles are Sn atoms that are chemically different from Sn atoms modified with OH. (Reprinted with permission from Stamenkovic et al. [2003]. Copyright 1999. The American Chemical Society.)...

Figure 17.11 Schematic representation of an approach for achieving efficient electrocatalysis of glucose oxidation by glucose dehydrogenase on Au nanoparticles tethered on an Au electrode. The nanoparticles are modified with a PQQ-capped linker that interacts with the unoccupied PQQ site of cofactor-deficient glucose dehydrogenase [Zayats et al., 2005].

Figure 17.17 Schematic representation of a single-compartment glucose/02 enzyme fuel cell built from carbon fiber electrodes modified with Os -containing polymers that incorporate glucose oxidase at the anode and bilirubin oxidase at the cathode. The inset shows power density versus cell potential curves for this fuel cell operating in a quiescent solution in air at pH 7.2, 0.14 M NaCl, 20 mM phosphate, and 15 mM glucose. Parts of this figure are reprinted with permission from Mano et al. [2003]. Copyright (2003) American Chemical Society.

Figure 4 Schematic representation of the Ca2+-transporting systems affecting cellular calcium homeostasis during hormonal stimulation, oq = oq-adrenergic receptor VP = vasopressin receptor PLC = phospholipase C PI = phosphatidylinositol PIP = phospha-tidylinositol-4-phosphate PIP2 = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate IP3 = inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate DG = diacylglycerol PKC = protein kinase C. (Modified from Refs. 125 and 285.)...

Fig. 4.1. Schematic representation of heteroduplex formation and principle of DGGE. Mutant homoduplexes (M) melt at a lower denaturant concentration than non-mutant homoduplexes (N) and are consequently retarded in the gel. Heteroduplexes (N + M) melt at even lower denaturant concentrations (modified from Borresen, 1996).

Fig. 6.10 Schematic representation of the principle of the evolution of a ribozyme in a test tube. Several mutants are selected in each cycle and proliferate in the next step. Slightly modified after Culotta (1992)...

Fig. 1.18 (A) Schematic representation of gelatin-perovskite bio-nanocomposite. (B) TEM image ofTBA-modified perovskite and (C) SEM image of this TBA-perovskite after assembly...

A schematic representation of the formation of PAA/PAH NPSs is shown in Figure 7.7. The BMS particles are modified with a layer of 3-aminopropyltriethox-ysilane (APTS) on the BMS skeleton. This process introduces amine (—NH2) surface... 

Figure 4. Schematic representation of a meniscus of mercury in a cylindrical pore and at the rim of an enlargment of the pore. Modified from Kloubek [11],...

FIGURE 5.5 Schematic representations of the two immunosensor formats (a) immunosensor based on the biotin-streptavidin interaction and (b) immunosensor based on rabbit IgG-modified SPCEs. (Reprinted from [27] with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Figure 16.3 Schematic representation of the compression of alkyl modified dendrimers at the air-water interface, the dendrimers assume a flattened, disklike conformation...

Figure 16.7 TEM picture (uranyl acetate staining) of vesicles reported by Schenning etal. [44] (A) schematic representation of the bilayer, (B) palmitoyl-and (C) azobenzene-modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers used in the construction of the aggregates...

Figure 11. Schematic representation of iso-, syndio- and atactic polymers, parts a, b and c, respectively. Chain segments are shown in their trans-planar and modified Fisher projections.

Fig. 8.6 Schematic representation of the modified experiments HNCO (a) and (HA)CA(CO)NH (b) to measure residual dipolar couplings. The white bars represent the extra pulses that are applied in an interleaved manner to collect the in-phase 15N magnetization. The anti-phase 15N...

Fig. 2.3. Schematic representation of consecutive zymogen activation reactions (cascade). Following initiation by a physiological signal ( ), the zymogens X, Y, and Z are sequentially activated. The resulting peptidases (Xa and Ya) are inactivated by specific inhibitors (Ix and Iy) to limit their action (modified from [20a]).

Hgure 23. Schematic representation of the microstructure of modified membrane top layers (Keizer and Burggraaf 1988). 

Figure 1.5 Schematic representation of hexanethioi-modified Au nanoparticies deposited between goid eiectrodes, in the presence of dissoived toiuene in KCi soiution. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [27] 2007 American Chemicai Society.)...

Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of the Au/MPS/PAH-Os/solution interface modeled in Refs. [118-120] using the molecular theory for modified polyelectrolyte electrodes described in Section 2.5. The red arrows indicate the chemical equilibria considered by the theory. The redox polymer, PAH-Os (see Figure 2.4), is divided into the poly(allyl-amine) backbone (depicted as blue and light blue solid lines) and the pyridine-bipyridine osmium complexes. Each osmium complex is in redox equilibrium with the gold substrate and, dependingon its potential, can be in an oxidized Os(lll) (red spheres) or in a reduced Os(ll) (blue sphere) state. The allyl-amine units can be in a positively charged protonated state (plus signs on the polymer...

Figure 3.9 Schematic representation of the typical noncovalent CNT functionalizations and the hybrid approach by using pyrene linkers. The figure also shows transmission electron images of SWNT modified with streptavidin labeled with 10 nm gold nanoparticles that were covalently coupled to pyrene linkers that were stacked on...

Figure 3.24 Schematic representation of the analytical protocol (A) Capture of the ALP-loaded CNT tags to streptavidin-modified magnetic beads by a sandwich DNA hybridization (a) or Ab-Ag-Ab interaction (b). (B) Enzymatic reaction. (C) Electrochemical detection of the product of the enzymatic reaction at the CNT-modified glassy carbon electrode MB, Magnetic beads P, DNA probe 1 T, DNA target P2, DNA probe 2 Abl, first antibody Ag, antigen Ab2, secondary...

Description of the Model. The Corley chloroform PBPK model was based on an earlier PBPK model developed by Ramsey and Andersen (1984) to describe the disposition of styrene exposure in rats, mice, and humans. A schematic representation of the Corley model (taken from Corley et al. 1990) is shown in Figure 2-5 with oral, inhalation, and intraperitoneal routes represented. The dermal route of exposure is not represented in this model however, others have modified the Corley model to include this route of exposure (see below). Liver and kidney are represented as separate compartments since both are target organs for chloroform. 

Fig. 2. The P4-P6-domain of the group I intron of Tetrahymena thermophila. A Schematic representation of the secondary structure of the whole self-cleaving intron (modified after Cate et al. [34]). The labels for the paired regions P4 to P6 are indicated. The grey shaded region indicate the phylogenetically conserved catalytic core. The portion of the ribozyme that was crystallized is framed. B Three dimensional structure of the P4-P6 domain. Helices of the PSabc extension are packed against helices of the conserved core due to a bend of approximately 150° at one end of the molecule...

Figure 4.1. Schematic representation of the architecture of the liver. Blood enters the liver through the portal vein (PV) and hepatic arteries (HA), flows through the sinusoids, and leaves the liver again via the central vein (CV). KC, Kupffer cells SEC, sinusoidal endothelial cells HSC, hepatic stellate cells BD, bile duct. Modified from reference 98.

Figure 3. Proposed schematic representation of oxidative electrocatalysis at an electrode modified with CNT-MPc hybrid. In this case, the surface-confined MPc and CNT are hypothesized to act as electrocatalyst and electron conducting species, respectively.

Figure 1.14 Schematic representation of the modified Soxhiet chromatography apparatus [198].

Figure 6.1 Schematic representation of the intestinal membrane structure. The singlet arrow in the figure illustrate the permeation pathways, (a) Villous structure of intestine. Unstirred water layer is adjacentto villi, (b) Permeation pathways of compounds across the intestinal epithelial membrane. (Adapted from [14] and modified from Bentham Science Publishers, Ltd.)...

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