Emulsification schematic representation

Figure 5. Schematic Representation of the Proposed Self-Emulsification Mechanism. A. Water Penetration. B. Formation of Liquid Crystal. C. Disruption and Emulsification.

Figure 21.1 Schematic representation (a) of membrane emulsification, where the membrane works as a high-throughput device to form droplets with regular dimensions (b) photo of an o/w emulsion...

Figure 15.9. schematic representation of eross-flow membrane emulsification. 

FIGURE 6.26 Schematic representation of cross-flow membrane emulsification. 

Figure 14.1 Schematic representation of the experimental path in two emulsification methods. Method A. addition of decane to water/surfactant mixture Method B. addition of water to decane/Brij 30 solutions.

Figure 4.1. Schematic representation of spontaneous emulsification (a) interfacial turbulence (b) diffusion and stranding (c) ultra-low interfacial tension...

Figure 8.1. Schematic representation of the advancing emulsification process of two immiscible liquids during the input of mechanical energy (e or 14 ), where the white areas within the frames represent the continuous phase and the shaded areas the dispersed phase (not to scale). The formation of locally different curvatures is clear to see. The equilibrium state (d) is characterized by the lowest average curvature and a spherical drop shape with a certain drop size distribution...

Bitumen emulsions are produced in specific stationary or mobile unit plants, which consist of storage tanks for raw materials, pumps and piping network, emulsification system (colloid mill or high-speed mixer) and tanks with stirring ability to store the final product. A schematic representation of cationic bitumen emulsion production of continuous flow is shown in Figure 3.6. 

Figure VT - 42. Schematic representation of the emulsification of the organic phase in supported -liquid membranes[69].

Figure 1.4 Schematic representation of the wattle-blossom structure of one of the components of gum Arabic, which is responsible for its emulsification properties.

Figure 9.6. Schematic representation of the maximum of water solubilization in water-in-oil microemulsions limited by curvature or by attraction between the droplets. For a sufficiently strong attractive droplet interaction, a liquid-gas phase separation between a micellar-rich and a micellar-poor phase occurs (b). For small attractive interactions, the microemulsion will de-mix with an excess of water because of the curvature effect - this mechanism is called the emulsification failure (a). (Reprinted with permission from ref. (32), copyright 1987, the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science)...

Figure 16.2 Schematic representation of two preparation methods for water-in-oil (W/O) highly concentrated emulsions (a) Slow addition of dispersed phase to the continuous phase (conventional method) (b) weighting and shaking all components together (multiple emulsification method).

Figure 7.7 Schematic representation of the process for the preparation of WEPS (a) emulsification of water (blowing agent) in a styrene-PS mixture and (b) suspension polymerization of styrene-PS droplets containing emulsified water. Reproduced from reference 57 by permission of Elsevier.

In this study, the system water/Brij 30/decane was chosen as a model system (Brij 30 is an industrial grade ethoxylated lauryl alcohol with an average number of ethylene oxide units of 4). The surfactant concentration was kept constant (5.0 wt%) and the oil weight fraction, R = 0/(0 + W), varied between 0.2 and 0.8. Emulsification was performed at 25°C by three low-energy methods (A) stepwise addition of oil to a water-surfactant mixture, (B) stepwise addition of water to a solution of the surfactant in oil, and (C) mixing all the components in the final composition and pre-eqmlibrating the samples prior to emulsification. A schematic representation of the experimental paths followed in methods A and B is shown in Fig. 3. The results showed [15,16] that nano-emulsions were formed only at low R values when water was added to mixtures of surfactant and oil (emulsification method B). The droplet size of the nano-emulsions obtained was of the order of 50... 

FIG. 3 Schematic representation of emulsification methods A, B (at constant temperature) and PIT (phase inversion temperature). (From Ref. 16 by permission of Langmuir, Copyright 2001, American Chemical Society.)... 

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