Laser system, schematic representation

Figure 5.2. Schematic representation of an excimer laser micromachining system.

Fig. 11. Schematic representation of a laser heating system for high-temperature MAS NMR investigations under batch reaction conditions. Reproduced with permission from (J4). Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science.

Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of the Laser Strobe system for fluorescence lifetime measurements. A nitrogen laser is used as excitation source. The time resolution is limited to approximately 0.1 ns...

The femtosecond transient absorption studies were performed with 387 nm laser pulses (1 khz, 150 fs pulse width) from an amplified Ti Sapphire laser system (Model CPA 2101, Clark-MXR Inc). A NOPA optical parametric converter was used to generate ultrashort tunable visible pulses from the pump pulses. The apparatus is referred to as a two-beam setup, where the pump pulse is used as excitation source for transient species and the delay of the probe pulse is exactly controlled by an optical delay rail. As probe (white light continuum), a small fraction of pulses stemming from the CPA laser system was focused by a 50 mm lens into a 2-mm thick sapphire disc. A schematic representation of the setup is given below in Fig. 7.2. 2.0 mm quartz cuvettes were used for all measurements. 

Nanosecond laser Flash Photolysis experiments were performed with 355 and 532 nm laser pulses from a Brilland-Quantel Nd YAG system (5 ns pulse width) in a front face (VIS) and side face (NIR) geometry using a pulsed 450 W XBO lamp as white light source. Similarly to the femtosecond transient absorption setup, a two beam arrangement was used. However, the pump and probe pulses were generated separately, namely the pump pulse stemming from the Nd YAG laser and the probe from the XBO lamp. A schematic representation of the setup is given below in Fig. 7.3. 0.5 cm quartz cuvettes were used for all measurements. 

Figure 12 Combination of dielectrophoretic field cage (DFC) and optical tweezers (OT) for the measurement of bead-cell adhesion (A) 4.1-(xm polystyrene particle trapped with laser tweezers (right) in contact with T-lymphoma cell ( — 1 5 pm in diameter). Cell and bead were brought into contact. The time for stable adhesion was measured. (B) Schematic representation of the experimental system used to measure the adhesion forces between bead and cell with the cell trapped in a DFC and the bead trapped in the laser focus of the OT. (C) Probing different surface regions of the cell for bead-cell adhesion (five beads are attached to a single cell). (Reprinted from Ref. 91 with permission.)...

Fig. 15.1. Schematic representation of amyloid fibrils revealed by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, (a) The penetration depth of the evanescent field formed by the total internal reflection of laser light is 150nm for a laser light at 455 nm, so only amyloid fibrils lying parallel to the slide glass surface were observed. (b) Schematic diagram of a prism-type TIRFM system on an inverted microscope. ISIT image-intensifier-coupled silicone intensified target camera, CCD charge-coupled device camera...

Fig. 21. Schematic representation of a subsonic C02 laser with purely chemical excitation (after Cool82)). A He and Fg injectors, H CO2 and NO inlet, C construction detail shown in B, L D2 mixing array, K part of the D2 inlet system which is shown in detail in J, D sodium chloride window, E totally reflecting cavity mirror with long focal length, M, F beam-folding (plane) mirrors, O partially reflecting cavity mirror for output coupling, N laser beam, G resonator housing flushed with nitrogen...

The test equipment of crystal type of gas hydrates consists of a laser Raman spectrometer, gas supply system, jacketed cooling type high-pressure visual cell, temperature control system, data acquisition and other parts. The experiment using a laser Raman spectrometer for the JY Co. in French produced Lab RAM HR-800 type visible confocal Raman microscope spectrometer. Laboratory independently designed a cooled jacket visible in situ high-pressure reactor, reactor with sapphire window to ensure full transparency of laser, and high pressure performance, visual reactor effective volume 3 ml, compression 20 MPa effective volume, to achieve characteristics of gas hydrate non-destructive and accurate measurement. The schematic representation of equipment is shown in Eigure 1. 

Figure 11.13 Schematic representation of a two-photon fluorescence microscope system two-photon excitation of fluorophores within the sample is achieved using the output of a Ti sapphire laser. This is scanned in the X-Y plane to produce an image of a section of the sample. The insert shows a two-photon fluorescence image of pig kidney cells labelled with two-photon fluorophores (image provided courtesy of Dr Mireille Blanchard-Desce (CNRS UMR 6510 Rennes))...

Figure 16.35 Schematic representation of 3D laser image system and comparison of 2D and 3D images. (From Wang, K., Prototyping Automated Distress Survey Based on 2D to 3D Laser Images. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Bituminous Mixtures Pavements . Thessaloniki, Greece, 2011.)...

Figure 16.35 shows a schematic representation of 3D laser image system and the difference between 2D and 3D images of cracking with a resolution of 1 mm. 

This type of measurements can very elegantly be realized online by coupling several detectors at the end of the SEC column such as a concentration detector (refractive index detector, spectrophotometric detector, etc.) and an absolute detector measuring the molar mass or related property of the separated species such as laser light scattering detector or capillary viscometer detector. These modern sophisticated separation systems allow not only the separation of the analyzed species but also their very detailed analysis and characterization as concerns the MMD or PSD, as well as other structural and compositional characteristics of simple polymers, co-polymers, etc. A schematic representation of a procedure of SEC data treatment from an experimental chromatogram to the final MMD or PSD data is shown in Figure 8. 

Figures 30(a) and (b) show the surface potential changes of the LB assemblies without and with a pure bilayer of D, respectively, under step illumination for 125 ms with a laser light and the schematic representations of the corresponding film structures. It is remarkable that the photoinduced surface potential change increased about 1 order of magnitude by addition of the D layer. The drastic increase in the surface potential is attributable to the efficient lateral diffusion because of prolonged lifetime of the perpendicular charge separation by the A-S-D/D quadruplet system.

FIGURE 1.30 A schematic representation of the laser ablation—ICPMS system. (From Gunther, D. and Hattendorf, B., TrAC, 255, 2005. With permission.)... 

Fig 201 (3) Schematic representation of the reporter release under photodissociation by the MALDI laser using a photodeavable-reporter system coupled to the probe, (b) Workflow of multiplex specific MALDI-MSI (Tag-Mass). 

Figure 30.22 (a) Schematic representation of the experimental configuration to study the DFB laser behavior in a SF grating, (b) System without NPs. (c) and (d) System containing low and supersaturated Si02 NPs, respectively. 

Figure 2-4. A schematic diagram of die relative timing systems between laser, x-ray and sample photo-conversion hfetime. The nature of steady-state, pseudo-steady-state (in its simplest form) and stroboscopic pump-probe mediods are illustrated. The absolute timing for each method is on a separate scale die entire experiment is shown for die steady-state mediods the pseudo-steady-state representation shows up to the beginnings of die first data-collection frame the stroboscopic representation illustrates a regular pattern that occurs diroughout the experiment. Stroboscopic pseudo-steady-state methods are not represented here per se, but they essentially represent a combination of the basic pseudo-steady-state and stroboscopic methods shown here...

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