1-testosterone

Testosterone (tes-TOS-ter-own) is a white to creamy-white crystalline or powdery material that is odorless and tasteless and stable in air. It is a member of the organic family of compounds known as androgenic steroids-hormones responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics, such as male sex organs, a deep voice, and facial hair. Testosterone is present in both male and female bodies, although to a greater extent in men than in women. 

Testosterone. Red atoms are oxygen white atoms are hydrogen and black atoms are carbon. Gray sticks indicate double bonds, publishers 

In the 1930s, however, interest in the compound was revived. In 1935, scientists obtained the first pure sample from testosterone and were able to confirm Brown-Sequard s findings. Within a matter of years, the compound became especially popular among middle-aged men who believed that it could restore their physical and mental abilities. Testosterone was first synthesized in 1935 by German chemist Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903-1995), an accomplishment for which he was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 

Testosterone is also known by the following names i7(3-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3-one androst-4-en-i7P-ol-3-one testosteroid testosteron testostosterone and trans-testosterone. 

Testosterone is produced naturally in the male testes and the female ovaries. It is also made synthetically starting either with cholesterol or diosgenin, a plant steroid. 

TESTOSTERONE ANTICOAGULANTS-ORAL Possible t anticoagulant effect Uncertain Monitor INR at least weekly until stable 

McPherson, Alexander (1989). Macromolecular Crystals The Growth of Crystals Is Now the Key to Deducing the Structure of Large Molecules. Scientific American 260(3) 62-69. 

Prusiner, Stanley B. (1995). The Prion Diseases. Scientific American 272(1) 48-57. 

Roberts, E. S. Hopkins, N. E. and Zaluzec, E. J. et al. (1994). Identification of Active-Site Peptides from [ H]2-ethynylnaphthalene-mactivated P450 2B1 and 2B4 Using Amino Acid Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry. Biochemistry 33 3,766-3,771. 

Testosterone is a male sex hormone, one of a class of compounds known as androgens. Included in this group are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione. Androgens are synthesized from cholesterol and are considered steroid hormones, a category of hormones that includes female sex hormones such as estrogen. The isolation and synthesis of testosterone were reported in 1935. Chemists Adolf Butenandt and Leopold Ruzicka later received the Nobel Prize in chemistry (in 1939) for this work and related discoveries. 

Testosterone (which is also present in small amounts in females) stimulates the growth of the male reproductive organs and promotes the development of the male secondary sex characteristics. It also affects body hair distribution, baldness, voice, and skin thickness and promotes each of the following the formation of spermatozoa, protein formation, muscle development, bone growth, the retention of calcium, the rate of basal metabolism, and the number of red blood cells in the body. 

Caster Semenya during the World Athletics Championships 2009 

It is actually found in both men and women. Usually there is more of it in men, though it is possible for a woman to have a higher level of testosterone than a particular man. After the South African athlete Caster Semenya won the 800-meters race at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, she was barred from competing for a year and had to undergo tests. 

It was said that her testosterone levels were three times those of an average woman, though still below male levels. 

It s associated with noticeable changes in males at puberty, such as deepening of the voice, increase in muscles, changes in sexual development and growth of hair. 

From Where Does the Body s Testosterone Come  

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The pharmaceutical industry has developed and studied a number of anabolic steroids for use in vet erinary medicine and in rehabilitation from injuries that are accompanied by deterioration of muscles The ideal agent would be one that possessed the an abolic properties of testosterone without its andro genic (masculinizing) effects Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and stanozolol are among the many syn thetic anabolic steroids that require a prescription... 

Some scientific studies indicate that the gam in performance obtained through the use of anabolic steroids is small This may be a case though in which the anecdotal evidence of the athletes may be closer to the mark than the scientific studies The scientific studies are done under ethical conditions in which patients are treated with prescription level doses of steroids A 240 pound offensive tackle ( too small by todays standards) may take several ana bolic steroids at a time at 10-20 times their pre scribed doses in order to weigh the 280 pounds he (or his coach) feels is necessary The price athletes pay for gams in size and strength can be enormous This price includes emotional costs (friendships lost because of heightened aggressiveness) sterility testicular atro phy (the testes cease to function once the body starts to obtain a sufficient supply of testosterone like steroids from outside) and increased risk of prema ture death from liver cancer or heart disease... 

Testosterone promotes muscle growth deepening of the voice the growth of body hair and other male secondary sex characteristics Testosterone is formed from cholesterol and IS the biosynthetic precursor of estradiol the principal female sex hormone or estrogen Estradiol is a key substance m the regulation of the menstrual cycle and the reproductive process It is the hormone most responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics... 

Testosterone and estradiol are present m the body m only minute amounts and their isolation and identification required heroic efforts In order to obtain 0 012 g of estradiol for study for example 4 tons of sow ovaries had to be extracted ... 

A direct, one-step aromatization of 19-substituted steroids has appeared in the Hterature, ie, cholesterol (3), dehydroisoandrosterone, androsterone, progesterone (1), and testosterone react with an electrophilic mthenium complex, C Ru , where Cp represents Tj -cyclopentadienyl, obtained through protonation of [Cp Ru(OCH2)]2 using triflic acid, to provide estrone (20) directly (46). 

Oral mucosal membranes provide a port for systemic therapy as weU. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets (Nitrostat) abort acute mgina attacks methyl-testosterone [58-18-4] buccal tablets (Android 5) are indicated for testosterone [58-22-0] replacement therapy (39) md nicotine [54-11-5] gum (Nicorette) aids in smoking cessation. 

Meat, dairy products and eggs contain low levels of natural hormones, including oestrogens, progesterone and testosterone, possibly enhanced by the use of hormones for veterinary purposes or as growth enhancers. " ... 

ACTH = adrenocortico-trophic hormone T4 = thyroxine T3 = triiodothyronine E, = estradiol T = testosterone I7,20/IP = 17,20/1-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one KT = Il-ketotestosterone VTG = vitellogenin. 

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