From dog liver

Conjugation of 4-nitrophenol also occurred in cultured skin epithelial cells from humans (Rugstad and Dybing 1975), in isolated rat hepatocytes (Araya et al. 1986 Moldeus et al. 1976 Tonda and Hirata 1983), and in microsomes isolated from dog livers (Nakano et al. 1986). 

In the presence of a-ketoglutarate and pyridoxal phosphate, tyrosine loses its amino group to yield hy-droxyphenylpyruvate. The enzyme involved in that reaction—tyrosine transaminase—has been extensively purified from dog liver, and some aspects of its... 

Sallach observed the presence of a serine-hydroxypyruvate transaminase in liver and kidney of a number of mammalian species and partiaUy purified the enzyme from dog liver acetone powder. Alanine and pyruvate were specific for the transamination reaction, and transamination was shown to be reversible and to proceed in either direction by incubating serine with pyruvate or hydroxypyruvate with alanine. 

Fig. 26. The oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate by mixtures of Fraction A and Fraction B from dog liver homogenates (469).

Interestingly, there is a marked species difference in the in vitro hydrolysis of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, such that the reaction was observed only in liver microsomes from humans but not in liver microsomal or cytosolic preparations from dogs, rabbits, hamsters, rats, or mice [181][196], Thus, carbamazepine appears to be a very poor substrate for EH, in analogy with the simpler analogues 10.129 (X = RN, RCH, or RCH=C). The human enzyme is exceptional in this respect, but not, however, in the steric course of the reaction. The diol formed (10.131, X = H2NCON) is mostly the trans-(10.S, 11. S )-enaniiomer [196], In other words, the product enantioselectivity of the hydration of carbamazepine epoxide catalyzed by human EH is the same as that of di benzol a,oxide catalyzed by rabbit microsomal EH, discussed above. 

A pharmacokinetic study shows that CYP3A4 is responsible for the oxidative metabolism of nevirapine, resulting in five major metabolites. The major metabolite of nevirapine from the liver microsomes of humans, rats, monkeys, and dogs results from the hydroxylation of the 4-methyl substituent (compound 8) (Cheeseman et al., 1993 Grozinger et al., 2000). 

The simplest type of phosphoinositide is represented by the phosphatide isolated from horse liver or dog liver by McKibbin.171 This consists only of glycerol, myo-inositol, phosphoric acid, and fatty acids it probably has structure LXXX. Similar inositides, differing only in the nature of the fatty acids, have been isolated from wheat germ,187 beef heart, 188 and beef liver.189 That the major portion of the fatty acids is attached to glycerol, not to myo-inositol, was shown by the isolation of a diglyceride on mild hydrolysis.189... 

Nevertheless, reliable methods using the SIM mode were introduced for TA analysis. The SIM mode was used for analysis of atropine and scopolamine from human viscera [15] and human plasma [11] (Table 8), of tropisetron from liver microsomal incubation mixtures [82] (Table 7), of granisetron from rat plasma [72], of hyoscyamine enantiomers from human plasma [48], of scopolamine from rabbit plasma [89], of tiotropium from human plasma [81] (Table 5) and of atropine from dog plasma [96] (Table 6). The corresponding values for the monoisotopic molecular weight (MW) and the corresponding m/z-val ucs of protonated TTA and pure QTA are summarized in Table 9. 

In all three species, the liver contained a substantial portion of the tissue label at 4 and 24 hours (Ikeda et al. 1980). Label was cleared from the dog liver less rapidly than from the liver of rats and pigs. Dogs also contained a relatively high percentage of label in muscle tissue, approximately twice that found in pigs. (The presence of label was not determined in rat muscle). In dogs, there was more of the label in the muscle at 4, 24, and 96 hours than in the fat tissue. In pigs, there was much more label in the fat than in the muscle. In all cases the amount of label in the tissues examined was <2% of the administered dose, except for a value of 2.24% in the rat liver. 

Parallel activation of Na+/H+ antiport and CI7HCO3 antiport Erythrocytes from dog, rabbit, and Amphiuma lymphocytes osteoclasts endothelial cells parotis pancreas, liver, gallbladder, proximale tubule, medullary thick ascending limb, and collecting duct MDCK cells Activation of Na+-K+-2CI cotransport... 

Preparations of aspartate transcarbamylase from dog intestinal mucosa, rat liver, E. coli B, and E. coli 185-482 can utilize acetyl-P, although at much slower rates than carbamyl-P. The ratio of carba-myl-P to acetyl-P transfer is of the order of 20 with mammalian enzymes, and 400 with bacterial preparations (as indicated above, the ratios of carbamyl-P to acetyl-P transferring activity are also smaller with mammalian than with bacterial ornithine transcarbamylase). 

Crocetin (C20) is a yellow (IP)2—(PI)2-derived dicarboxylic, acid (generalized structure -OOG-Gig-GOO-) from the styles of Crocus sativus (Iridaceae) (the saffron of Indian cooking and Buddhist robes). Grocin, the digentiobiose ester of crocetin, is water soluble, unlike other carotenoids which are lipophilic (fat soluble). Crocetin is a protein kinase inhibitor. Excess vitamin A (or excess pro-vitamin A) ingestion is toxic (dog liver consumption having caused the death of Sir Douglas Mawson s explorer companions in the Antarctic by this mechanism). 

Post-ingestion from a-, (3- y-carotene other carotenes Sir Douglas Mawson nobly denied himself but gave dog liver to his fellow Antarctic explorers who died of Vitamin A poisoning Post-ingestion from a-, (3- y-carotene other carotenes thence isomerization of all /rcm.s-Retinoic acid... 

Crystalline enzymes have been obtained from rabbit, - " human,pigeon, and lobster skeletal muscle, rabbit heart, and potatoes, and phosphorylases from dog heart, and dog, pig, and rabbit liver have been extensively purified. Preparative procedures have usually involved ammonium sulfate fractionation and heat treatment, but adsorption on calcium phosphate, 0-(2-diethyl-aminoethyl)cellulose chromatography, - and electrophoresis on... 

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