Testosterone degradation

Horinouchi M, T Hayashi, H Koshino, T Kurita, T Kudo (2005) Identification of 9,17-dioxo-l,2,3,4,10,11, 19-hexanorandrostan-5-oic acid, 4-hydroxy-2-oxohexanoic acid, and 2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoic acid and related enzymes involved in testosterone degradation in Comamonas testosteroni TA441. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5275-5281. 

Investigation of steroid degradation enzymes and genes in C. testosteroni started with the discovery of testosterone degradation by C. testosteroni in 1950s [19]. 

Silica gel and aluminium oxide layers are highly active stationary phases with large surface areas which can, for example, — on heating — directly dehydrate, degrade and, in the presence of oxygen, oxidize substances in the layer This effect is brought about by acidic silanol groups [93] or is based on the adsorption forces (proton acceptor or donor effects, dipole interactions etc) The traces of iron in the adsorbent can also catalyze some reactions In the case of testosterone and other d -3-ketosteroids stable and quantifiable fluorescent products are formed on layers of basic aluminium oxide [176,195]... 

Boon N, Goris J, de Vos P, Verstraete W, Top EM (2000) Bioaugmentation of activated sludge by an indigenous 3-chloroaniline-degrading Comamonas testosterone strain 12gfp. Appl Env Microbiol 66 2906-2913... 

Currently, most strategies for buccal delivery of peptide drugs have focused on the application of excipients that would shorten the time of absorption and adhere drugs to a local site on the mucosa, thus decreasing exposure to proteolytic degradation and possible release of drug back into the mouth cavity. This strategy has been utilized in the buccal delivery of insulin, enkephalin, and testosterone [37, 70]. 

G. K. E. Scriba, Synthesis and in vitro Degradation of Testosterone-Lipid Conjugates , Arch. Pharm. 1995, 328, 271 -276. 

The synthesis and degradation of muscle proteins are regulated by hormones. Cortisol leads to muscle degradation, while testosterone stimulates protein formation. Synthetic anabolics with a testosterone-like effect have repeatedly been used for doping purposes or for intensive muscle-building. 

Effects on growth and calorigenesis are accompanied by a pervasive influence on metabolism of drugs as well as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamins. Many of these changes are dependent upon or modified by activity of other hormones. Conversely, the secretion and degradation rates of virtually all other hormones, including catecholamines, cortisol, estrogens, testosterone, and insulin, are affected by thyroid status. 

The major pathway for the degradation of testosterone in humans occurs in the liver, with the reduction of the double bond and ketone in the A ring, as is seen in other steroids with a A4-ketone configuration in the A ring. This leads to the production of inactive substances such as androsterone and etiocholanolone that are then conjugated and excreted in the urine. 

As previously mentioned, degradable microspheres have gained attention as promising delivery vehicles for steroids in postmenopausal therapy. Copolymers of CL and d,l-LA were used to prepare microspheres for prolonged release of progesterone and [5-estradiol. The system offered a constant release for up to 40 days in vitro and 70 days in vivo [226]. Similarly, PCL copolymers have been considered useful for androgen replacement therapy in the treatment of aging men with a testosterone deficiency. Micelles of PCL-block-poly(ethylene oxide) released dihydrotestosterone in a controlled fashion over 30 days. The biocompatibility was confirmed in vitro in a HeLa cell culture [227]. 

Testosterone is converted to its more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, which is then degraded by the liver and conjugated to 17-oxysteroid, which is excreted in the urine. 

Oxidation of testosterone to oestradiol was again shown to involve the loss of the lj8- and 2/5-hydrogen atoms. Microbial degradation of the steroid nucleus includes cleavage of ring B followed by ring a. The enzyme for the latter process has been purified and shown to have a molecular weight of about 280 000 and to contain one iron atom. ... 

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